Definition of the Elsewhere Principle in Linguistics

In linguistics, the Elsewhere Principle is the proposition that the application of a specific rule or operation overrides the application of a more general rule. Also known as the Subset Principle, the Elsewhere Condition, and the Paninian Principle. American linguist Stephen R. Anderson points out that the Elsewhere Principle is invoked by [Stephen R.] Anderson (1969), [Paul] Kiparsky (1973), [Mark] Aronoff (1976), Anderson (1986), [Arnold M.] Zwicky (1986), etc., with antecedents going back to [the fourth century BC Sanskrit grammarian] PÄ Ã¡ ¹â€¡ini, [19th-century German linguist] Hermann Paul, and probably others (A-Morphous Morphology, 1992). Examples and Observations [T]he basic case of competition in morphology can be characterized by the Elsewhere Principle: a more specific form is preferred over a more general one where both are in principle grammatical. By definition, competitors are those forms that can be used to express the same concepts. It is possible, therefore, that competing structures are generated in different components, in particular, morphology and syntax. A well-known example involves the English comparative affix -er, which must attach to short (maximally bisyllabic) adjectives . . .. This morpheme is in competition with the syntactic modifier more, which can in principle attach to both short and long adjectives, and is therefore the more general form. In the context of short adjectives, the Elsewhere Principle dictates that -er blocks more . . .. (We add (19e) to show that in circumstances where the Elsewhere Principle does not apply more can indeed modify short adjectives.) (19a) Bigger(19b) *Intelligenter(19c) *More big(19d) More intelligent(19e) Bigger means more big This classical application of the Elsewhere Principle demonstrates that a morphological complex can be in competition with a syntactic phrase. . . .It does not seem too much to say that one of the core phenomena of morphology, and perhaps of grammar in general, is that one form can compete with, and hence block, others. The classical cases of such competition involve inflectional morphology as regulated by the Elsewhere Principle. . . . [W]e have argued that there are many more examples of competition, which differ from the classical case in terms of the nature of the candidates and the selecting restraints. (Peter Ackema and Ad Neeleman, Word-Formation in Optimality Theory. Handbook of Word-Formation, ed. by Pavol Ã…  tekauer and Rochelle Lieber. Springer, 2005 Mapping Rules An idiosyncratic mapping rule need not mention a single morpho-syntactic terminal; it can also apply to combinations of (morpho-)syntactic material. For example, next to the mapping rules that associate TOOTH with /tooth/ and PLURAL with /z/, there is a mapping rule which relates [TOOTH PLURAL] to [/teeth/]. This rule can be formulated as follows, where P(X) stands for the phonological realization of a syntactic entity X: If PLURAL selects (a category headed by) TOOTH,then P(TOOTH, PLURAL) /teeth/ Since this mapping rule is more specific than the one that only mentions PLURAL, the elsewhere principle states that the latter is blocked where the former can apply, ruling out *[/tooth/ /z/]. Note that this does not mean that the lexicon contains multiple morpho-syntactic morphemes that represent plurality (there is only one plural affix). (Peter Ackema and Ad Neeleman, Morphological Selection and Representational Modularity. Yearbook of Morphology 2001, ed. by Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle. Kluwer, 2002) Illustration and Qualification Two elements are important in the Elsewhere Principle. First, it inactivates rules in particular cases as a property of the rule system as a whole. Second, it does so in virtue of a logical relationship between rules: entailment between application conditions. The rule that is inactivated by a second rule applying to the same case applies to all cases to which the second rule applies.The English plural is formed by adding a morpheme -s to the end of a stem. A number of words have special plurals, such as goose, which has the plural geese. The existence of the nonregular plural (a remainder of an older plural; formation by means of vowel shift) rules out the regular form *gooses.The rule that assigns geese has the application condition stem goose, which is more specific than the application condition stem X4 for the regular plural formation. It follows by the Elsewhere Principle that the regular rule for plural formation does not apply to goose.There is an important caveat with the Elsewhere Principle: It does not always lead to the right conclusion. It is sometimes possible for the irregular form to coexist with the regular form, and sometimes there is neither an irregular nor a regular form. In these cases, the Elsewhere Principle would predict the absence of a regular form or the presence of a regular form, respectively, predictions that are not borne out by the facts. It follows that in these cases another explanation needs to be sought. (Henk Zeevat, Idiomatic Blocking and the Elsewhere Principle. Idioms: Structural and Psychological Perspectives, ed. by Martin Everaert et al. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995) Further Reading GrammarMorphologyPhonologyRules of EnglishSyntax

The Conservative Approach to State Intervention after 1979...

The conservative approach to state intervention post 1979 has been on the whole to go for the minimum as is illustrated in their economic policy and this was included in their critique of government economic policy at that time. On the whole the government felt that levels of state intervention were far too high in regards to the economy which led to various negative consequences such as making industry uncompetitive and laid back since the government would bail them out at the first sign of smoke as Labour always did. They also felt it destroyed the incentives for individual entrepreneurship leading people into not achieving their full potential as it was not worth there while, this led to lack of money within the economy as well as top†¦show more content†¦It had two main aspects to it, the most effective way to control the economy is to ensure that the money supply does not rise faster then the growth in economic activity. This is designed to ensure that high inflation is avoided and that industry can operate within a stable economic environment. It also implies that governments should not interfere with the rest of the economy, it is fairly liberal since it promotes minimum state intervention. There were 3 main ways in fulfilling the theory of monetarism, the first was control of the money supply. This was done by initially calculating the money supply. This would help in setting annual targets over growth rate which could be published with the budget as part of a medium term financial strategy. Any deficits could be reduced via 3 ways, high interest rates to lower demand, financing the public sector borrowing requirement without printing money and allowing exchange rate to float as well as stop buying and selling foreign currency to effect the money supply. There were problems with this way though since it was not too effective, particularly in the early 80’s when the inflation rate grew twice the government target, starting at a higher rate from 79-85 then any time in the Labour government. Inflation only fell when the money supply began to increase it was ineffective as society was generally cashless so from 86 onwards the idea of money control was abandoned. The second main way of carryingShow MoreRelatedBritish Child Protection Policies Essay2423 Words   |  10 Pagessaw a raising concern with the cruelty inflicted to children by their guardians, that was expressed in the public campaigns carried out by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children . This, together with the progressive intervention of the state into family life during that period, for example through compulsory education, created the appropriated conditions for the passage of the first law to protect children from abuse and neglect . 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Copyright Law Case Study Free Essays

string(29) " his music to sell products\." Music Business Music Technology Production Year 3 K00121700 Case Study Ronan Mitchell Abstract Copyright Law is an important entity within the music industry. It protects the owner of authorship from infringement. Infringement arises when the copyright owner’s work is used without their consent. We will write a custom essay sample on Copyright Law Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although sounds cannot be copyrighted, some cases have shown that the argument of copyrighting one’s voice can sometimes hold weight in a court of law. Singer Tom Waits sued snack manufacturer Frito Lay for hiring a singer to impersonate him in an advert. Mr. Waits felt that his artistic copyright had been infringed upon. Frito Lay’s defense argued that a voice cannot be protected by copyright law as it is a sound and not a musical piece of work. They referred to a similar case involving Bette Midler in which she sued Ford motors for using an impersonator in a commercial to imitate her voice. Although Midler lost the case, it created ambiguity over the issue of an artist’s right their voice, if they believe it to be distinctive. Tom Waits, unlike Bette Midler, won the lawsuit and earned him $2. 6 million. This case served to highlight the complexities involved with advertising agencies using, not only an artist’s work, but also their identity. Introduction The music industry is notoriously rife with legal disputes. Many of these are due to infringement of copyright. A grey area arises, however, when it comes to advertising. In a lot of cases, an artist will gladly accept royalties and/or remuneration to have their song featured in an advertisement. But in certain instances, artists will have strong opinions about having their music feature in an advertisement. When this happens, advertising companies who use this artist’s work can find themselves in the middle of an ugly legal dispute. This case study endeavors to discuss some of the legal complexities involved when advertising companies use an artist’s musical work. Several cases exist in the United States where advertising agencies ran into legal disputes over music featured in an ad, even when not infringing upon standard copyright laws. I have chosen two cases to cross examine to highlight certain legal problems that certain advertising companies face. The first case examined for this study is Tom Waits Vs Frito-Lay, Inc. In this case Tom Waits sued the Frito-Lay snack manufacturer and their advertising agency for voice misappropriation and false endorsement. Despite not infringing on any copyright laws, Waits won the case and was awarded $2. 6 million in compensatory damages, punitive damages and attorney’s fees. (Roesler, 1992). The second case examined in this study will look at is Bette Midler Vs Ford Motor Co. This case, which preceded Waits lawsuit, is almost identical in that Ford’s advertising agency, Young Rubicam, Inc. hired an unknown singer to impersonate Midler on a version of her track â€Å"Do You Want To Dance†. (Lurie, 1994) Midler took legal action and sued Ford for $10 million, also citing voice misappropriation. Unlike Tom Waits case, US District Judge A. Wallace Tashima ruled against Midler, stating that the evidence presented wasn’t sufficient and that a voice is not a copyrightabl e entity (Los Angeles Times, 1989) Study To better understand the legalities that face companies in these instances, we must first develop a better understanding of what copyright law entails. In short, Copyright is a property right. It is a set of laws and regulations set in place to protect to form of expression of ideas. The ideas themselves cannot be protected by such laws. The idea must take on some tangible form, such as a recorded piece of music, a produced film, piece of art, etc. The owners of these rights are protected by copyright law from anyone who would copy their work and reproduce it for their own monetary gain without the owner’s express permission. It is the owner of the copyright who may authorize the use of their work by another party, but only they only reserve the right to do this at their discretion. Neff, 2012) Naturally, as there are many different mediums for expressing ideas, copyright law is divided into many different subsections. This is to cover all vessels for creative expression. On a simple scale, copyright subsists in four sections; Music, Film and Broadcast, Literary Publication and Original Databases. The music subset consists of Musical, Literary, Dramatic or Artistic Works. The musical copyright covers works of music that do not contain words. How notes are arranged to form melodies, song structures and chord progressions are protected by this copyright. Certain musical elements are not protected by this. If a guitarist has particularly unique guitar tone, he cannot have this protect by a copyright. A specific tone is not a tangible musical work and therefore cannot be protected. However, if the same guitarist recorded an original piece of music with that guitar tone, this recording is now a tangible body of work and can be protected by musical copyright. It is the music itself that is protected. Not the sound. (Neff, 2012) This is a particularly interesting element of Tom Waits lawsuit against Frito-Lay. The defendants argued that the â€Å"voice misappropriation† case was invalid as one cannot own the rights to certain style of singing. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Tom Waits is an American singer, songwriter, composer and actor. Almost as much for his music, he is renowned for his unique gravelly, guttural singing voice. His voice has been described as sounding like â€Å"like it was soaked in a vat of bourbon, left hanging in the smokehouse for a few months, and then taken outside and run over with a car. † (Graff, G Durchholz, D 1998). Tracy-Locke, Frito Lay’s advertising agent, approached Tom Waits about using is his song â€Å"Step Right Up† in an advert for RioSalsa Doritos. They put together a version of the song which featured new lyrics relevant to the product and played this for Waits. Tom Waits refused outright as he is vehemently opposed using his music to sell products. You read "Copyright Law Case Study" in category "Free Case study samples" It was interesting that they chose that particular song, as the lyrics are a satirical indictment of advertising. The song features advertising slogans used sarcastically to describe a product that supposedly does everything from â€Å"shine your car† to â€Å"make you six foot five, blonde and beautiful†. Jacobs, 2000) When he refused, the Tracy-Locke company then hired a singer to impersonate Tom Waits style of sing over a song that bared a lot of similarities the Waits â€Å"Step Right Up†. Tom Waits took legal action and sued fo r voice misappropriation and false endorsement. (Roesler, 1992) As the lyrics for the song were altered to suit the ad, Waits literary copyright was unaffected. The literary copyright pertains to a work of words which are written, spoken or sung. This work does not specifically need to be written down for the copyright to apply. A recording of such work holds he same right as literary work that is written or printed. Written musical notation also falls under this subsection regardless if it is written down, printed or recorded. (Neff, 2012) As for the musical rights to the song, it transpired that Tom Waits, despite having written the piece, did not have authorship of the copyright for â€Å"Step Right Up†. In normal circumstances, authorship of the copyright to a sound recording is held by the produce of said recording. In this case, the authorship fell to Fifth Floor Music run by Herb, Martin and Evan Cohen. Frito Lay had in fact obtained the synchronisation license from Fifth Floor Music. This licence enabled them to reproduce a new song extremely similar, albeit not identical, to â€Å"Step Right Up† to which the new jingle lyrics were added. Tom Waits was unaware of this so was unable to step in and terminate the dealings. Although, having no authorship of the copyright, it is questionable as to whether or not this would have had any sway in the proceedings at all. (Jacobs, 2000) Similarly, in Bette Midler’s case, like Waits, Midler was not the owner of the copyright. She did not write the song nor did she pen the lyrics. Ford Co. bought the rights the song â€Å"Do You Want To Dance† from the publishing company that had ownership over the copyright. This meant that Ford had no obligation to contact Bette Midler with regards to their intentions to use the song for their commercial. (Lurie, 1994) Since Midler had no ownership rights, the defense argued that her â€Å"voice misappropriation† was preempted by the copyright act. However, this was rejected as they found that copyright cannot be preempted if the subject matter â€Å"does not come within the subject matter of copyright†¦.. ncluding works or authorship not fixed in any tangible medium of expression. † (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) It was decided that, since it was not possible to copyright a particular sound (like that of the guitar tone), the voice was not suitable copyright subject matter. Thus, copyright preemption did not apply. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Al though the court ruled in favor of the defendant, Midler’s case of â€Å"voice misappropriation† raised the question of a celebrity’s right to control over their identity, with respect to commercial use. This ambiguity was vital to the outcome of Waits lawsuit only three years later. Lurie, 1994) The copyright preemption issue in Midler’s case was referred to in Waits Vs Frito Lay. The defense requested that, since Tom Waits was not the lawful owner of the music copyright, the preemption of copyright law did not apply in this instance as it had with Midler. Waits case was not for infringement of a tangible copyrightable piece of work, but for infringement of voice. Again, voices are merely sounds; and sounds are not protected by copyright law. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Despite this, the defense argued that, even though they had copied Waits musical style, they did not imitate his voice. This was found to be untrue, however. It transpired that Tracy-Locke’s executive producer was quite concerned with the legal implications of their singer’s striking similarity to Waits’ voice. He requested that they record another version of the jingle asking the singer to sing less like Waits. Unhappy with the result, Frito Lay insisted they use first version. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) On the day that the commercial was due to air, Tracy Locke’s managing vice president spoke with their attorney regarding what legal issues they might encounter. He was advised that there was a strong possibility of legal ramification due to recent case law that recognized a distinctive voice as protectable. However, as style was not protectable, their attorney informed them that the case might hold no merit. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Despite the warning, Frito Lay chose the version that imitated Tom Waits’ distinctive voice. It was proposed that the jury be given a proposed instruction on the distinction between voice and style which read, â€Å"In contemporary music, there are a great many styles or â€Å"sounds,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Style is not subject to ownership. No singer can appropriate for himself any style and exclude others from performing in the same style. Any singer is free to sing in the same style. † (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) This instruction was rejected by the district court. Given that there were a lot of similarities between this case and Midler’s â€Å"voice-misappropriation† case, the jury was asked to decide whether or not they found Waits’ style to be distinctive. The defense argued that the omitted instruction was an error in judgment as this then left the jury unclear as to what the distinction was between voice and style. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. Waits argued that although no copyright infringement had occurred, he felt his artistic integrity had been compromised. It was put forth that anyone had heard the advertisement would automatically assume that it was Waits singing. Waits has strongly spoken out about artists taking money to allow their music to be used to sell product. He felt that, as the Doritos advertisement jingle sounded identical to his voice and musical style, that his fans would assume he participated in the advertisement and had willing endorsed the product. This, he asserted, was damaging to his reputation and his career as an artist. UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) The jury then listened to several of Tom Waits songs to determine both his musical and vocal style. The court then played them the Doritos advertisement in question for comparison. To convince them further, Waits attorneys had them hear testimonies from people who had in fact thought that it was Waits in the advertisement. (Roesler, 1992) This argument was persuasive enough to sway the jury. They were convinced when they heard to advertisement and the testimonies that, despite the fact that no copyrightable material had been infringed upon, Waits’ artistic integrity had been compromised. The jury found that the defendants had â€Å"acted with oppression, fraud or malice† (Roesler, 1992, p. 15). Tom Waits was awarded 2. 6 million dollars in compensatory damages and attorney’s fees. Conclusion In conclusion, we can see from the above cases that copyright is a bastion for musical artists. They help to protect an artist’s right to their work and a right to their form of expression from being exploited by large companies and advertising agencies who can sometimes try to profit from their work. Although, as they are vital to protecting an artist’s creative work, we can also seen from the cases studied that they can protect much more than that. Technically, in the eyes of the law, only a tangible body of work can by protected by these rights. However, as this study has shown, in certain rare cases, these rights can be manipulated to encompass, not only an artist’s work, but their identity, persona and artistic integrity when exploited. As made evident by the unusual Tom Waits lawsuit, it seems that advertising companies in particular must wade carefully when wishing to use unlicensed music for commercials. As their sole intention is for making money, they can be looked at very callously by court jury. Thus, certain unscrupulous can land in a lot of trouble despite not infringing on a copyrighted piece of work. Although situations such as this are quite unusual, they highlight the importance of copyright law within the music industry. References Graff, G Durchholz, D 1998, Musichound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Visible Ink, Detroit * Jacobs, J. A 2000, â€Å"Copyright: Tom waits Vs Frito Lay†, viewed 04 January 2013, www. tomwaitsfan. com/tom%20waits%20library/www. tomwaitslibrary. com/copyright-fritolay. html * Los Angeles Times (1989), Bette Midler Loses Ford Sound-Alike Lawsuit : Celebrity: $10-million suit over TV car commercial is dismissed but action against the ad agency is allowed to stand, vie wed 06 January 2013, http://articles. atimes. com/1989-10-27/business/fi-901_1_bette-midler * Lurie, K. (1994) Waits v. Frito-Lay: The Song Remains the Same.. Cardozo Arts Ent. LJ, 13, 187. , Available at: http://heinonline. org/HOL/LandingPage? collection=journalshandle=hein. journals/caelj13div=26id=page= [Accessed: 6th January 2013]. * Neff, F. 2012, â€Å"Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000; Introduction to Copyright Overview And Originality in Copyright†, * Neff, F. 012, â€Å"Authorship and Ownership of Copyright; Copyright and Related Acts 2000 Sections 21 to 23†, * Roesler, M. (1992) Waits v. Frito Lay,. 978 F. 2d 1093 (9th Cir. 1992), Available at: http://www. markroesler. com/pdf/caselaw/Waits%20v. %20Frito-Lay%20Inc. %20_1992_. pdf [Accessed: 6th January 2013] * University of Missouri Kanas City School of Law (1992) Waits v. Frito Lay, Inc. United States Court Of Appeals For The Ninth Circuit, Available at: http://law2. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/ communications/waits. html [Accessed: 4th January 2013]. How to cite Copyright Law Case Study, Free Case study samples

Low Risk Aversion Encourages the Choice for Entrepreneurship

Question: Describe about the Low Risk Aversion Encourages the Choice for Entrepreneurship: an Empirical Test of a Truism? Answer: Introduction Cultural factors and determinants impact the business execution quality. Different cultural factors are important to be analysed, as it helps in analysing the challenges associated with handling people at the workplace. There are different types of cultural factors and behavioural pattern that determines task execution. The behaviour aspect of the employees is determined by the cultural practices followed by the company (Eckel et al., 2005). Discussion The determinant factors are associated with analysing the differences individuals and companies face at the time of evaluating the risks. The risk factors impact the business performance and the performance of the employees and individuals. Behavioural aspects of the individuals depend upon various factors which needs to be analysed and corrective measures has to be introduced for implementing the changes. The cultural behaviour of the individuals is associated with cultural practices introduced in the company. The challenges and limitations associated with the process have to be analysed, as this will help in implementing the changes that re necessary for increasing the business performance (Loewenstein et al., 2001). Different factors that affect the business cultural practices are Attitude The attitude of the individuals towards others are some of the important factors that helps in determining the behaviour. This is one of the important tasks that need to be undertaken by the management of the company. The factors affecting the cultural views of an individual are the cultural practices, values, and practices followed. The views of an individual about the cultural practices followed by another individual are an important factor, which needs to evaluate (Guiso et al., 2002) Culture values The practices and the values, an individual believes in is associated with the cultural values. Through this process, the factors affecting the behaviour and attitude of an individual are evaluated. This would assist in evaluating the challenges that can impact the business performance and communication process adopted by the management. Barriers Communication process has to be simple and effective. This would reduce the barriers that might exist at the workplace. The challenges have to be undertaken and analysed in the corrective manner. The management of the company has to reduce the barriers that occur due to communication limitations (Schupp and Wagner, 2002). Ethnicity The values associated with cultural practices and ethnicity is evaluated. This helps in determining the factors that could affect the business execution process. Workplace culture Developing and implementing corrective measures for increasing the workplace culture is an important factor. This would help in providing fair opportunities to the members working with the company. Changes can be adopted and introduced by the management in an effective manner, as this will help in increasing the business performance (Cramer et al., 2002). Factors that affect the cultural behaviour of an individual are- Behavior The behaviour of the individuals depends upon the process followed for discussing different factors related to business Practices This includes analysing the expectations of the people and introduces an effective interaction process. Values The cultural factors are related to identifying the values followed by the people and the process followed for respecting others. Barriers It includes unwillingness of the people to interact with others and adopt the right process for communication Communication The process followed for interacting with people and method adopted for communicating with people for solving the cultural factors. Conclusion By analysing the cultural values and differences it is possible for the company and the individual to introduce an effective system for handing the differences. The challenges faced by the members can be effectively handled by introducing the right process for increasing the performance of the staffs. For this, the factors associated with the cultural differences can be handled and overpowered in the right manner. The process followed has to be analysed, as it will help in implementing the changes that are necessary for improving the performance. References Cramer, J. S., Joop Hartog and Nicole Jonker and C. Mirjam van Praag (2002): Low Risk Aversion Encourages the Choice for Entrepreneurship: an Empirical Test of a Truism, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 48(1), 2936. Eckel, C., C. Johnson, and C. Montmarquette (2005): Saving Decisions of the Working Poor: Short- and Long-Term Horizons, in Research in Experimental Economics Volume 10: Field Experiments in Economics, ed. by J. Carpenter, G. Harrison, and J. List, pp. 219260, Oxford. Elsevier Science Guiso, L., T. Jappelli, and L. Pistaferri (2002): An Empirical Analysis of Earnings and Employment Risk, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 20(2), 241 253 Loewenstein, G. F., C. K. Hsee, E. U. Weber, and N. Welch (2001): Risk as Feelings, Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267286. Niederle, M., and L. Vesterlund (2007): Do Women Shy Away From Competition? Do Men Compete Too Much?, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), forthcoming. Schupp, J., and G. G. Wagner (2002): Maintenance of and Innovation in Long-Term Panel Studies The Case of the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv, 86(2), 163175.

The Wall by Pink Floyd free essay sample

The Wall is a studio album by the English rock group Pink Floyd. Roger Waters created the album on November 30, 1979. The Wall is considered to be a rock opera. The album The Wall by Pink Floyd portrays feelings of isolation and uniqueness. The Wall is a creative production that shows blending of melodies, calming rhythms ,and unique sound effects. Syd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright are the five amazing and very talented musicians that are a part of Pink Floyd. The guitar, drums, bass, synthesizer, and keyboards are all the instruments that are used in this album. In this album there are a total of two CD tracks. On each CD there are 13 songs. The lyrics in the album are limited. Throughout the album there are several sound effects. These sound effects all have meaning towards where the meaning of each song is going. For example, in the song, Thin Ice, the vocals start with the sounds of a baby crying. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wall by Pink Floyd or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It switches quickly to a harsher vocal informing the listener of the jeopardies of thin ice or the hardships of life. The baby crying can show the sadness that life can present. Other songs like Mother show how mothers are protective and build a wall to protect their children and watch over them in life, â€Å"Mama’s gonna keep baby cozy and warm †. Pink Floyd is one of the most well known classic rock bands and their music is still performed through out the world today. I had the opportunity to see a lazer light show performed in downtown Denver with my father. I personally love to listen to their music. My favorite song by Pink Floyd is by far Another brick In the Wall, because everyone knows, â€Å"We don’t need no education†.

Of Mice and Men Questions for Discussion

Of Mice and Men Questions for Discussion Of Mice and Men is a famous and controversial novel by John Steinbeck. There have been many cases in which the novel was asked to be removed, sometimes successfully, from school curriculums due to profane language and dark themes such as murder, mental illness, and euthanasia. Given its controversial nature, there are many opinions and interpretations of Of Mice and Men, which makes it a fun novel to discuss and debate. Here are some questions that will get the conversation rolling. Starting From the Top: Where did Steinbeck get the title from? What is he referencing?   Themes and Symbols: What is the central purpose of the story?What are other themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?  Can you think of any symbols that represent one of the themes you just discussed?  How does the setting add to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What types of conflict occur in Of Mice and Men? Are the conflicts  physical, intellectual, or emotional? Lets Talk About The Characters: Are George and Lenny consistent in their actions? Are they fully developed characters?  From the women in the velvet dress to Curleys wife, female characters have played a large part in changing Lennie and Georges life. What is the role of women in the text? And why does Steinbeck not give them names?How does John Steinbeck reveal character in  Of Mice and Men? What Are Your Opinions? Would you recommend this novel to a friend?  Do you think the book should be censored or banned?  Do you find the characters likable?  Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why?

Attitudes of Health Care Providers to Persons with HIV/AIDS

Attitudes of Health Care Providers to Persons with HIV/AIDS Attitudes of Health Care Providers to Persons Living With HIV/AIDS in   Lagos State, Nigeria Sylvia Bolanle Adebajo1, Abisola O Bamgbala1 and Muriel A Oyediran2    ABSTRACT This study was conducted to examine the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of nurses and  laboratory technologists towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWA) and the factors  responsible for these attitudes. Information was elicited from 254 randomly selected  nurses and laboratory technologists from 15 government owned health facilities in Lagos  State with the use of a structured questionnaire. Results indicate that most of the  respondents (96.3%) had moderate to good knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Respondents’ level  of knowledge was influenced by the level of formal education attained, length of practice,  gender and attendance at refresher courses on HIV/AIDS (p 0.05). Attitude towards PLWA was poor. Some (55.9%) of the health  workers felt that PLWAs are responsible for their il lness, while 35.4% felt that they  deserve the punishment for their sexual misbehaviours. Only 52.8% of the respondents  expressed willingness to work in the same office with a PLWA, while only 18.0% would  accept to visit or encourage their children to visit a PLWA, probably because of the fear of  contagion. It is, therefore, essential that health care providers be properly informed in  order to improve their quality of care for PLWAs. (Afr J Reprod Health 2003; 7[1]: 103-  112)    KEY WORDS: AIDS, HIV, attitude, health care providers, PLWA INTRODUCTION From the beginning of the pandemic in 1981 to date, HIV has continued to spread at the  rate of more than 10,000 new cases per day despite significant efforts made to contain its  spread.1 If this trend persists unchecked, a cumulative total of over 60 million adults  would have been infected by the end of the year 2000 with the largest number (63%)  emerging from sub-Saharan Africa.2 Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa is not spared, as the epidemic continues to  show a rapidly increasing trend with a median prevalence of over 5% and over two  million people already infected. With the increasing number of people living with HIV/AIDS, AIDS control and  preventive strategies must not only continue to encourage behavioural modifications by  all, but should also highlight the need to respect the rights to care of the increasing number  of people with HIV/AIDS. In addition, there should be full integration of these persons  within the context of their families and the society at large in the most appropriate ways  that would allow them to continue to live productive lives socially and economically. In reality, however, the fear of being infected at workplaces, educational institutions and  in the community has led to irrational and discriminatory treatment of people living with  HIV/AIDS (PLWA). Their rights to employment, housing, education and even health and  nursing care are being violated because of their HIV status.5-7 This practice unfortunately  exists despite strong evidence from research that has revealed that non-sexual contact with  HIV positive individuals carries little or no risk.5, 8-11 This is even more so if careful  precautions with blood products are taken, as this further protects people from contracting  the infection.    Health care providers, who are also members of the general community, are likely to elicit  similar prejudicial and fearful reactions to HIV/AIDS infected persons as members of the  community. The resultant effects of such negative attitudes include poor patient  management, with people being denied most needed treatment, care and support. This in  turn could affect their morale, self-esteem and self-determination to live quality lives  devoid of stigma, fear, repression and discrimination. Maintaining the desired quality of life of people with HIV/AIDS is poss ible mainly  through extensive, competent and compassionate nursing care. Yet, the provision of this  care raises health and occupational concerns for all levels of health care providers. There  is, therefore, an urgent need for all health care providers, particularly nurses who have  direct contact and spend more time with patients, to examine their personal attitudes  towards PLWAs, as this can compromise compassionate care. This study is aimed at determining the level of knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of nurses  and laboratory technologists towards HIV/AIDS infected persons and to recommend  appropriate measures to address the deficiencies identified.   MATERIALS AND METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional survey of three hundred registered nurses and laboratory  health technologists was conducted between July and September 1999 in Lagos State, the  most populous state in Nigeria. It was conducted to assess their level of knowledge of the  causes, m odes of transmission and methods prevention of HIV/AIDS and their attitudes to  people living with HIV/AIDS using a well structured, self-administered questionnaire that  contained 44 items. With permission sought from all relevant authorities, selected respondents who gave their full consent to participate in the study were recruited. Prior to this, they were duly  informed about the general nature and purpose of the study and their right to withdraw at  any time without prejudice to their present or future employment. Respondents’ level of knowledge of HIV/AIDS was computed by judging their answers to  the causes, modes of transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS. A mark was awarded for  every correct response to a set of questions and no mark was awarded for incorrect  responses. The total mark obtainable was sixteen and the levels of knowledge based on the  highest scores attainable were as follows: 0-9 = poor knowledge; 10-12 = fair knowledge;  and 1 3-16 = good knowledge. Similarly, respondents’ attitude to PLWA was also assessed quantitatively judging from  the proportion of `yes’ responses to individual questions asked on how they would react,  relate or treat PLWAs. These responses were computed individually.   Sampling From a comprehensive list of government-owned health facilities in the Lagos metropolis,  fifteen health facilities were randomly selected by simple balloting. From each selected  health facility, a list of names of nurses and laboratory technologists was obtained from  the respective medical directors. From the list, respondents were selected by stratified  sampling method using a ratio of two laboratory technologists to three trained nurses. A  maximum of 20 health workers comprising thirteen nurses and seven laboratory  technologists were recruited from each health facility. To ensure anonymity and confidentiality, respondents in each health facility were  requeste d to drop their completed questionnaires devoid of personal identities into sealed  boxes provided by the study team. The questionnaires were administered and collected in  the boxes provided by the principal investigator assisted by four experienced and trained  interviewers. Two hundred and fifty four questionnaires (84.6%) were returned at the end of the data  collection exercise. Data obtained were crosschecked for consistency and analysed using  the statistical analysis software (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, C). RESULTS Two hundred and fifty four health workers comprising one hundred and four (40.9%)  laboratory technologists and one hundred and fifty nurses (59.1%) were surveyed. There  was a disproportionate sex distribution of 181 (71.3%) females and 73 (28.7%) males.   Many (56.7%) of them were aged between 30 and 39 years with a mean age of 36.0 years  (SD 6.42). Less than half of the respondents had practiced for 10-15 years with an average duration of 10.4 years (SD 5.64). Over three quarters of the respondents were  Christians and the majority of them had been sponsored by their health facilities to attend  at least one refresher course on HIV/AIDS. Levels of Knowledge of HIV/AIDS Two hundred and forty respondents (94.5%) claimed that they had seen at least one case  of AIDS. Based on a total of 16 marks, one hundred respondents (39.4%) had very good  knowledge, one hundred and forty five (57.1%) had fair knowledge, while only nine  (3.5%) had poor knowledge. A high level of knowledge of HIV/AIDS was displayed by  respondents who had higher level of formal education compared to those with lower levels  (p = 0.016). The longer the length of practice, the higher the level of knowledge (p =  0.0003); more males (40.6%) than females (37.5%) had excellent scores on knowledge (p= 0.009); and attending a refresher course on HIV/AIDS was associated with a higher  level of knowledge (p = 0.01). In contrast, age, occupation and religion did not  significantly influence the level of knowledge of respondents (p > 0.05). Although the overall level of knowledge of the modes of transmission and methods of  prevention was fair, there were some deficiencies and misconceptions. (Table 1)   Causes and Modes of Transmission of HIV Over ninety five per cent of the respondents knew the causes of AIDS and correctly  identified heterosexual intercourse, blood transfusion and sharp instruments as some  modes of transmission of HIV. However, in addition to these, some respondents believed  that HIV could also be transmitted through insect bites (15.7%), hugging or touching an  infected person (9.4%), sharing the same toilet and cooking utensils with an infected  person (9.4%), and by having skin contact with an infected person (27.1%).   High Risk Target Population People who indulge in prostitution, homosexuality and multiple sexual partnering were  correctly identified by ove r 90% of the respondents as groups of people at high risk of  contracting HIV. However, an appreciable proportion (50%) of the respondents failed to  identify commercial drivers, adolescents and drug addicts as other high risk groups. Likewise, the respondents had poor knowledge of the groups of people least likely to  contract HIV. For example, 72.4% and 92.1% respectively of the respondents incorrectly  identified patients in hospital and health care providers as groups also at high risk of  contracting HIV/AIDS. Areas of Misconception Identified    Some degree of homophobia was detected among the respondents. Over one third of the  them felt that all homosexuals have AIDS. A large proportion of the respondents (82.7%)  did not know that women are at increased risk of contracting or transmitting HIV during  their menstrual period. A few of the respondents (18.1%) felt that AIDS is curable if  treatment is commenced early. Although 94.5% of the respond ents correctly identified blood as a vehicle of transmission  of HIV, only 81.1% and 71.7% correctly identified vaginal and semen secretions  respectively. Furthermore, 69.9%, 78.0% and 76.4% of the respondents respectively  thought that HIV can be transmitted through saliva, tears and sweat.   Attitudes of Respondents to People Living with HIV/AIDS Two hundred and thirty eight respondents (93.7%) believed that HIV/AIDS is a serious  threat to health workers and 87% believed that treating PLWA puts them at increased risk  of contracting HIV. Many of the respondents (79.5%) believed that an HIV infected  person poses a great danger to others, 34.7% felt that HIV infected persons should be  isolated, over half (55.9%) felt that AIDS patients are responsible for their illness, and 90  (34.4%) felt that they deserve the consequences of their reckless life as a form of  punishment from God. Many (89.8%), however, felt that they do not deserve to die.  Majority ( 94.5%) felt that they deserve to be treated with empathy and understanding and  given the best medical care possible. Whilst many of the respondents felt that persons with AIDS should be allowed to live  their normal lives, i.e., to continue working or schooling, 44 (17.3%) believed that they  should be relieved of their jobs and 50 (19.7%) recommended that students infected with  AIDS should be expelled from school. The majority of respondents (91.3%) claimed that they would retain their friendship with  PLWAs, 154 (52.8%) expressed their willingness to work in the same office with an  AIDS patient and only 46 (18.0%) said they would visit or encourage their children to  visit an AIDS patient. Attitude of Health Workers towards Treatment of HIV/AIDS Patients Ninety three per cent of the respondents accepted that they are duty bound to treat all ill  ersons irrespective of their HIV status and agreed to treat persons known to be infected  with HIV/AIDS. A l ower percentage (87.4%) agreed to examine or touch them. Most of  the respondents (87.4%) advocated for the screening of all patients prior to admission into  the wards particularly those admitted for surgical procedures, but only 108 (42.5%) would  encourage the admission of PLWAs to the wards.    Respondents’ Level of Awareness of the Universal Precautions against HIV Two hundred and eight respondents (81.9%) were aware of and had read the universal  precautions for health workers, while only 66 (26.0%) were aware of its existence at their  workplaces. Only about half (52.4%) were privileged to attend a refresher course on HIV/AIDS, and when asked almost all the respondents expressed the desire to attend a  refresher course on HIV/AIDS if given the opportunity. Attitudes of Health Workers to HIV Screening Only seventy respondents (28.0%) had been screened for HIV. Of these, 31.4% were  screened prior to blood donation, 45.7% out of curiosity or for p ersonal interests, 17.1%  either on doctor’s advice or for routine antenatal check, and 5.7% for travel requirements.  Other respondents (72.0%) had never been screened because of fear (18.5%), high cost of  the test(s) (9.8%), and a strong conviction that they will never be infected (71.7%).   However, many of the respondents (83.5%) said they were willing to be tested if HIV  screening is provided free of charge. All the respondents unanimously agreed that HIV  screening should be made free for all health workers. More respondents aged 30-39 years (37.5%) had been screened for HIV when compared  with 11.1% and 16.2% of those aged 20-29 years and above 40 years respectively (p =  0.0001). More male respondents (46.6%) had been screened for HIV compared to 20.3%  of females (p = 0.0003). The longer the length of practice, the less likely it was for  respondents to have been screened (p = 0.03). Also, 34.6% of the laboratory technologists  were screen ed, compared to 23.3% of nurses although this difference was weakly  statistically significant (p = 0.049). In contrast, the level of formal education and religion of respondents did not significantly  influence whether or not they were screened for HIV (p > 0.05). DISCUSSION Until recently, HIV/AIDS control programmes in Nigeria had focused primarily on  preventing the spread of HIV through behaviour modifications. However, with the  growing number of PLWAs, there is increasing concern on the crucial role of the health  care delivery system in providing wide range of care and support. This has become  inevitable as almost every person living with HIV is bound to fall sick at one time or the  other, thereby requiring medical care from health workers who are well trained and  willing to provide such care. The study revealed that a significant proportion (96.5%) of the study subjects had  appreciable (moderate to high scores) knowledge of the causes and preve ntion of HIV/ AIDS. However, in spite of this, there existed many gaps in their knowledge of HIV and  they had various misconceptions regarding how HIV/AIDS can be transmitted. In  addition, a strong apprehension on how to handle the contagious nature of the disease was  revealed. Most of the respondents (96.0%) knew the causative agent of AIDS to be a virus and the  main modes of transmission to be sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, sharing sharp  objects and perinatal transmission. However, there were also erroneous beliefs by the  majority of the respondents that the HIV could be transmitted through insect bites  (84.3%), touching and hugging (90.6%), sharing of toilet facilities with infected persons  (90.6%), and poor levels of health and nutrition (92.9%). Okotie et al, in their study  amongst civil servants, reported much lower figures of 36.8% and 37.9% on the sharing of  utensils and casual kissing respectively as other modes of transmission.   Epidemiological studies throughout the world have reported only three main modes of  HIV transmission. One is through sexual intercourse with an infected person; second,  through exposure to blood, blood products or transplanted organs or tissues; and third,  from an infected mother to her fetus or infant before, during or shortly after birth.  Casual contacts such as touching, hugging and kissing an infected person with HIV/AIDS  do not result in HIV transmission.18 Respondents had varied knowledge of people at high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. Whilst a significant proportion correctly identified prostitutes (100%), homosexuals (93.7%), people with multiple sexual partners (94.4%), only 64.6%, 44.4% and 45.2% ofthe respondents respectively correctly identified intravenous drug users, commercial  drivers and adolescents as other high risk groups. In addition, many of them did not seem  to know groups of people who are least likely to contract HIV/AIDS. For exampl e, 92.1%  and 72.4% of the respondents felt that health workers and in-patients are at very high risk  of contracting HIV. Odujinrin et al reported much lower figures (51.5%) of health workers  who identified homosexuals as a high risk group. Studies have suggested that the risk of nosocomial transmission of HIV is extremely low  (0.3%) even after accidental parenteral inoculation.6,8,17,20-21 The incidence of HIV  infection resulting from needle stick injury is a rare event with only 41 cases reported  worldwide.

The Cost of Something Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Cost of Something - Essay Example I guess there’s more to gain. According to swlearning.com, decision-makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions. Based on Merriam-webster.com, obvious means seen, on the other hand, the word implicit signifies unexpressed idea but has the capability of being understood. Firstly, to have a better picture of it, $75 economic profit that I supposed to receive from watching the Hot Stuff’s concert is the obvious cost of my decision. On the contrary, the fuel and energy that I will save, plus the extra time I can go back to my lessons for the exam the following day are the implicit costs of a wrong decision. So, watching the Good Times Band give me a sigh of relief, there’s no more thinking of driving a long way home and I won’t cram anymore for a last-minute scanning of notes. Anyway, decisions like this are not an easy task as always. Without examining the cost, or without understanding the concept of economics by Gregory Mankiw, I might have chosen the Hut Stuff band because I value it higher than the other one. Simply analyzed, Hut Stuff is my favorite, but they are rather both the best bands. Consumers and decision-makers must be aware of the â€Å"seen† and â€Å"unexpressed† costs of their actions economically. What would be more than $75 gain? Or is it a gain or loss? Well, one can only tell if the unexpressed cost is disclosed. The latter has been defined as capable of being understood, although it’s hidden but it can be recognized in the point of making decisions. One must not be a genius of arithmetic, solving the costs entails the basic math equation which are addition and subtraction, together with the right estimates of value of the implied benefits. How can I value the fuel or the fare? Well, it’s getting obvious by now. How much is the gasoline right now? Or how much is the bus fare? How about the energy I can save for not spending much of it for a long drive or trip? What is the value of getting a good

UK REMEDIES AND RESTITUTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UK REMEDIES AND RESTITUTION - Essay Example serious litigants and habitual litigants would be discouraged and only genuine grievance would be catered to by the judiciary and in the process saving a lot of public money and precious judicial time that could be used somewhere else. Under Civil Law and specifically under the Tort of Negligence people rush to courts to sue the other party and seek compensation and off lately even the system has been encouraging it in a tacit manner. According to David Hooker, director of Claims at Norwich Union quoting the Institute of Actuaries (December 2002) figures said that every year  £10 billion in compensation claims is paid out. This ends up costing the average household  £500 per year. Bogus or excessive claims cost local authorities as much as  £117 million a year, according to the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. There has also been a 48% increase in the number of claims being handled by the NHSLA (National Health Service Litigation Authority). He further said that as of 31st March 2003 there were 19,580 live claims against trusts. There is inevitably also a corresponding increase in the estimated value of claims against trusts, which in the year to 31st March 2003 rose 12%.( http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=123184 ) The rough estimated cost that the NHS paid as compensation amount in 2001 was near about  £900m, to LEAs it was around  £200m, and to the Police Deptt /MoD around  £800m (Source: Actuarial Report - The Cost of Compensation). The compensation claims in the cases of medical negligence have especially seen a phenomenal rise over a number of years. There have been genuine claims too but a significant number of preposterous claims have landed a number of medical professionals in soup over things that could have been explained in medical terms. Under the head of negligence in Law of Torts, compensation awarded due to the negligence of the defendant is the most effective remedy. The case is different if it is a case of

Foundation degree Essay Example for Free

Foundation degree Essay I am currently studying at West Lancashire College on the second year of a Foundation Degree in Computing, after successfully completing year one. After successfully completing a BTEC National Diploma in IT, I found that I wanted to further my knowledge of IT. I have not only found that I have a natural ability with computing, but it is something that I greatly enjoy. As a mature student I consider myself to be a hardworking, reliable and sensible person. I attend all classes regularly and I am always punctual. I take my studies seriously and treat all my coursework with the respect it deserves. I have completed all my coursework on time. My previous assignments have earned me seven distinctions and two merits. I particularly enjoyed studying the Database and Systems Analysis, as this is the route I would like to pursue as a career. I have also used Visual Basics which I have an excellent knowledge of, and at the same time this will help me in my chosen career as a System Analyst. I feel that my knowledge of databases will be of great benefit to me in the third year of my degree. I get on well with most people and work consistently well with colleagues and peers. I am hard working and consider myself to be a good team player, working well in group activities to which I bring strong organisational skills, confidence, and excellent time keeping. As a former employee within the retail sector for 10 years it has been a significant time in my life. I developed many interpersonal and social skills as I worked with a committed and professional team. In my spare time I enjoy spending time with my family; my partner and four children. We love being together as a family and enjoy camping, canoeing and walking. I also love to read and going to the cinema. I have been able to fulfil my role as a mum whilst also submitting assignments to an exceptional standard which demonstrates my ability to work under pressure. I am thoroughly looking forward to topping up my Fd. Sc to a full B. Sc and facing the challenge of Higher Education. I will give one-hundred per cent effort required to achieve my objectives.

National Westminster Bank Essay -- Business and Management Studies:

National Westminster Bank 1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyse the case â€Å"National Westminster Bank† (David Woodgate and Nigel Slack, 1992), in order to identify any existing and potential problems, then after careful consideration recommend possible courses of action to rectify them. During the review of the organisation described in the case, the key issues will be identified and then related to relevant theory. Analysis will then be made of all relevant factors and recommendations will be made after consideration of all factors. Overview of the Case The case study to be analysed focuses on the St James’s Square branch of the National Westminster Bank in London’s West End. The case gives a clear and concise representation of the bank’s structure giving detailed descriptions of the all the employees roles and functions and an organisation chart. The focus is then applied to the Records Section and account opening procedure, which is where the problems are found and complaints have been registered. The results of a survey are summarised in the case to show the apparent level of customer dissatisfaction with the account opening procedure, the importance of such factors are then highlighted with a brief description of the level of competition within the banking industry. The views of are also considered and suggest areas where current systems may be failing the organisation. 2. Problem Key Issues The location of the bank in St James’s square is both a blessing and a burden to the organisation. The sophisticated clientele resulted in the bank being the most profitable in its region, yet they also expected an extremely high level of customer service. This high level of expectation from the customers resulted in any lapses in service being highly scrutinised. The key issues to be addressed within this branch occur in or around the process of opening accounts which is the responsibility of the Records Section, they are as follows:  · Customers joining the wrong queue and requiring redirection because the enquiries desk was â€Å"neither well positioned or signposted†.  · Competition is â€Å"tough† within the banking industry, particularly in this branch’s immediate vicinity.  · 36 per cent of customers felt formalities were not properly explained.  · 76 per cent had not received the sta... ...nt a new system in the Records Section. After consideration of alternatives it is apparent that it would be possible and practical for the organisation to do this without major disruption to the organisational structure. 5. Recommendations The main recommendation from the findings in this report is for the St James's Square branch to implement a cell layout in order for the Records Section to handle its workload. This would enable them to carry out all their tasks much more efficiently and fulfil its duties while maintaining customer satisfaction. To implement such a system the bank will need to employ a process of windows in which customers are able to come in and open accounts or to arrange appointments on the phone. Possible drawbacks with such a service would be that customers would not be able to open accounts at their convenience and may become dissatisfied with this process but the quality of product they would receive is likely to be much improved. --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Statistics derived from a survey the branch carried out in 1989 on customer's views of their account opening procedures.

Cultural Event Paper

A cultural event that I have attended in the past that has had a memorable affect on my life was a Native American Powwow. This event takes place every year, Thanksgiving weekend in Tucson, AZ. I arrived in the late afternoon, as the sun was going down. I remember seeing many different types of people, from tourists to the different Native American performers. The physical setting of this particular celebration was outside, and based around, one main circle. Drums were beating so loud, you could feel the pound inside your chest. Different activities were going on all around, such as dancers, vendors, and a huge variety of foods to choose from. The circular dancing arena is known as the arbor, this area is blessed before any of the events begin (Schultz, 2001). This area is considered to be sacred ground, and is respected throughout the entire celebration (Schultz, 2001). The arbor was made of tree limbs and leaves. The four main entries into the festivities were used to resemble the four points of a compass (Schultz, 2001). The dancers entered from the east entrance, and the main announcer was located by the West entrance. Many spectators were sitting on blankets, and some on lawn chairs. The environment was relaxed, and a very friendly atmosphere. The activities included dance and drum contests, different ceremonies, and many different vendors. The crafts were all handmade and amazing. Each piece looked as if it were specially made from the heart. The Native American culture to me felt festive, warm, and very inviting. The dancer’s come from many different tribes. Their faces were painted, and their costumes consisted of beautiful festive colors. They were made of feathers, sequence, dye, and other natural fabrics. A powwow is a Native American gathering, or celebration that began with the Plains tribe, and continued to other Native American tribes through the years (Schultz, 2001). A powwow is also the oldest known public ritual of the Native Americans (Schultz, 2001). This culture considers this particular festivity, a celebration of the circle of life. They include much of their culture in their dance, music, art, food, and drumming, especially while performing these rituals (Schultz, 2001). In the past powwows took place around seasonal changes. This changed as non-natives began to join in celebrating these Native American customs (Schultz, 2001). Native American powwows earliest record dates back to July 4th, 1900 in a Missoula, MT newspaper (Schultz, 2001). Native Americans hold a type of esoteric concept that comes from their philosophy of preserving their environment as well as their kinship that ties them together (Access Genealogy, 2009). They not only have social ties, they are politically and religiously organized through their rituals, government, and other institutions (Access Genealogy, 2009). They work together to reside in a territorial area, and speak a common language (Access Genealogy, 2009). They are not characterized by any one certain structure (Access Genealogy, 2009). However, the society agrees on fundamental principles that bond together a certain social fabric (Access Genealogy, 2009). Different Native American tribes throughout the years have had different ideas, opinions, philosophies, which are not always predetermined by their past ancestors. The roots and customs of Native American tribes run deep. A feeling of respect and tradition is in the air. Every little detail has meaning and a certain level of pride and of importance to each individual taking part in the ceremony. According to Access Genealogy, 2009, â€Å"Humanities are studies of the human condition, whether it is the study of art, sociology, anthropology, literature, history, or any other human endeavor. † Humanities are the core of humanism, and are the product and creativeness of each individual society. Each culture’s has its own form of expression; in this case, it was the powwow. This was a way to entertain and promote awareness to the Native American culture. They are not afraid to show who they are, like other cultures, which can be more refined in the way they celebrate. Native Americans choose to embrace their heritage, and make it a part of their everyday lives. They are trying to hold on to a special place from their past, and not let it slip away. America is known as the â€Å"Melting Pot† with many different cultures, I believe that celebration is a way for each culture to hold onto their identity, and gain respect in a world that is constantly changing.

Pi Day

Justin Carlton PI DAY 3/14/13 * Definition of pi: Pi is the 16th letter in the Greek alphabet. It is equal to 3. 141592 when shortened, but never ends. * Archimedes-One of the major contributions Archimedes made to mathematics was his method for approximating the value of pi. It had long been recognized that the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter was constant, and a number of approximations had been given up to that point in time. Archimedes was the first person to calculate the value of pi. Ptolemy- Ptolemy was an observer and mathematician who had written on astronomical topics such as conjunctions. He devised proofs and theorems in which he was able to evaluate pi. His calculations were pi= 3+17/120=3. 14166. * William Jones- Jones was a mathematician, known for his proposal for the use of the symbol ? for pi to represent the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. * PI Jokes Question: What do you get if you divide the circumference of a jack-o- lantern by its diameter? Answer: Pumpkin Pi!Q: What was Sir Isaac Newton's favorite dessert? A: Apple pi! Mathematician: Pi r squared Baker: No! Pie are round, cakes are square! * A transcendental number is a number that is not the root of any integer polynomial, meaning that it is not an algebraic number of any degree. Every real transcendental number must also be irrational, since a rational number is, by definition, an algebraic number of degree one. Ferdinand von Lindeman first called pi a transcendental number * Irrational number is a real number that cannot be expressed as a rational number.In 1761 Lambert proved that Pi was irrational, that it can't be written as a ratio of integer numbers. Web pages used: http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/pi http://itech. fgcu. edu/faculty/clindsey/mhf4404/archimedes/archimedes. html http://www2. stetson. edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/Pm. html http://www. ualr. edu/lasmoller/pi. html http://math-fail. com/2010/03/pi-day-jokes. html http://mathworld. wolfram. com/TranscendentalNumber. html http://www. mathsisfun. com/definitions/irrational-number. html http://www. math. com/tables/constants/pi. htm

Amtrak Announces Half Price Fares for Students

Amtrak Announces Half Price Fares for Students Since 2003, Amtrak, the nations passenger rail service,  has offered 50% discount fares to high school juniors and seniors traveling to prospective college campuses. With the start of a new school year just around the corner, millions of American high school students visit colleges throughout the nation trying to decide where to continue their education. Amtrak hopes their Campus Visit Discount Coupon program will help make those often stressful trips more convenient and economical. Available to high school juniors and seniors traveling to prospective college campuses, the coupons provide a 50 percent discount on coach class travel for the student and up to two parents or legal guardians. The coupons are good for travel on most Amtrak trains nationwide. Choosing a university is a major decision, and a visit is an ideal way to sample college life and see a campus up-close, stated Barbara J. Richardson, Amtraks vice president of marketing and sales, in and Amtrak press release. Whether its a nearby state university or a parents alma mater thousands of miles away, chances are the school is near one of the more than 500 destinations served by Amtrak. With Amtraks Campus Visit Discount Coupon, high school juniors and seniors may visit a college or university and receive 50 percent off the best available fare on Amtrak. The coupon may be used with tickets purchased now through December 8, 2003 for travel through December 15, 2003. How to Get the Coupons To get a Campus Visit Discount Coupon, simply visit the Amtrak Campus Visit website, click on the Amtrak coupon link on the home page, download the file and print a coupon. Original copies of the Campus Visit Discount Coupon must be presented at the time reservations are ticketed. No copies will be accepted. After printing a coupon, students need to simply obtain their high school counselors signature on the coupon and make a train reservation by calling Amtrak at 1-800-USA-RAIL. When making a reservation, students should tell the agent that they are using a Campus Visit Discount Coupon and mention discount code H178. Reservations for travel purchased with the coupon may not be made online. To ticket a reservation, visit any staffed Amtrak station or a local travel agent with the signed coupon. Complete instructions on redeeming an Amtrak Campus Visit Discount Coupon may be found at http:// www.campusvisit.com or by calling 1-781-431-7755. The coupon is also available from: bostonvisit.comhttp:// www.onebigcampus.com; andthecollegecity.com The Fine Print Reservations are required at least seven days prior to travel, and the student and parents or guardians must travel together on the same itinerary. Tickets may be upgraded to business class or to include sleeping accommodations upon payment of the applicable charges. The special fares are not available on Acela Express, Metroliner, Auto Train, Downeaster, peak departures of Amtraks Regional service in the Northeast or any departure requiring the purchase of a peak or unrestricted fare. Blackout dates and other restrictions do apply. The coupon may not be used in conjunction with any other discounts or promotions. Tickets are non-refundable once purchased, and no changes to the itinerary may be made once travel has begun.

Construction Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction - Term Paper Example The aim of this paper includes giving the information about the idea of what is Building Information Modeling and the benefits that it could offer on the part of the construction industry, to the people, and the government as well. This offers advantages of learning to anyone being interested about IBM and how it could be utilize from construction neophytes to architecture firms who has the desire of learning the subject. Strategies that leads to benefits Best strategies require flexibility in course between the inevitable internal problems to be able to proceed with the continuity and face the demands in the present changing world. There is a clear distinction between the difference of strategic action and strategic plans. Strategy should not just be like a statement of intent; benefit centered to the company but must be based on the needs, benefits, and enjoyment of the public as well as the government Legal Regulatory, Ethical and Customary Constraints As the Section 103 of the Ge neral Municipal Law defines, competitive bidding is required in all the public work construction and must settle all the permits as it is required by all the government agencies. Competitive bidding is also required to hold legal, regulatory, ethical and customary constraints, public report every five years and is expected to detail the projects with the application for exception if there is, the method of procurement, the procurement it self and the outcome or the result in the duration and costs. Traditional method of procurement as has been accepted by the public, as the general rule, was preserved by these amendments but extends the flexibility by some agencies in trying other methods if determined to be appropriate based on certain criteria that prevents favoritism and promote competitive competition. Regarding the method of procurement, requirements in the reporting gives way to the Legislature and the governor the evaluation with regard to the experiences of the agencies inli ne with the use of the alternate procurement methods. Benefits Offer Respective local government where the project is located often times is the stakeholder of most of the city projects. Although the success like in the use of the BIM are made by the interaction exchanges between the Engineers and the Architects, the final outcome of the project is always considered an asset value on the part of the Local Government being considered the biggest real state owners. Some of the benefits include the following. †¢ Facilitates the visualization of the entire Building Life Cycle Management †¢ High Accuracy †¢ Save Time and Money †¢ Risk Mitigation by timely conflict detection †¢ Ease in producing of high quality, accurate and precise construction documents †¢ Construction planning and Management by combination of design and construction I. Proposed Project BIM work Plan Requirement shall be asked to be submitted for approval f the project. Proposed project BIM Work Plans shall include the demonstration regarding the strategy using the Building Information Modeling in materializing project deliverables. 1. BIM Work Plan Design – The Design team, as a part of the proposal, will be designated to submit the BIM Work Plan that includes the Following: a. Proposed BIM Software that will be used in the project b. Proposed Trainings and Workshops regarding the BIM c. Compliance with the requirements of the project d. Integration on the BIM as per Design Document Submission Standards e. Filing of the formats that

Community Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community - Research Paper Example 524 8,186,453 8,829,383 281,421,906 293,045,739 Source: http://oasis.state.ga.us/oasis/qryPopulation.aspx Population by RACE 2004 The newer books might have these listed as non-Hispanic, White etc. Feel free to change. (Newton) County Black Hispanic White Native Americans Asian Other # % # % # % # % # % # % 24,451 22.08 2,376 1.87 55,312 74.20 183 0.21 903 0.72 70 0.11 State of Georgia Black Hispanic White Native Americans Asian Other # % # % # % # % # % # % 2,612,936 28.48 598,322 5.32 5,862,978 62.65 27,457 0.22 229,741 2.10 11275 0.14 United States Black Hispanic White Native Americans Asian Other # % # % # % # % # % # % 2,349,542 28.7 35,305,818 12.55 194,552,774 69.13 2,068,883 0.74 10,123,169 3.60 467,770 0.17 LEVEL OF EDUCATION Age 25 + High School 13,601 34.75 1,486,006 28.65 52,168,981 28.63 Associates 1,610 4.11 269,740 5.20 11,512,833 6.32 Bachelors 3,715 9.49 829,873 16.00 28,317,792 15.54 Graduate 1,977 5.05 430,305 8.30 16,144,813 8.86 Source: http://quickfacts.census.g ov INCOME BY HOUSEHOLD (Newton) County Georgia United States Year 2000 2000 2000 # % # % # % 200,000 308 1.40 70,843 2.36 2,502,675 2.37 MEDIAN INCOME (Newton) County Georgia United States 2000 44,875 41,901 41,990 Source: http://quickfacts.census.gov HEALTH STATISTICS Legend: T=Total W=White AA=African American O=Other Ethnic Group Use the following two forms for Mortality and Morbidity rates that are specific to your target population. _ (Deaths and percent of deaths; SIDS) ____________MORTALITY RATE per 100,000 population ***Change years for your data if necessary!!!!** Georgia (Newton) County T W AA T W AA 2000 113 44 69 2 0 2 2001 112 60 51 1 0 1 2002 141 78 59 4 2 2 2003 104 50 54 2 1 1 2004 130 68 59 1 0 1 (Source: For US, Health United States, Statistical Abstract of the US, [will need several years], MMWR, Prevention Profile.) For GA/County, use Georgia Vital Statistics for the year requested. _ (Sexually transmitted disease cases and rate) ____________ MORBIDITY RATE per 1 00,000 populations Georgia (Newton) County T W AA T W AA 2000 52,642 5,006 30,015 216 38 124 2001 53,258 4,795 25,479 296 47 147 2002 55,347 5,916 31,868 347 62 175 2003 55,624 6,239 30,802 380 63 202 2004 52,388 5,277 26,340 371 42 157 (Source: For US, Health United States, MMWR, Prevention Profile, Local and State Health Departments, CDC) The focus of this paper is on AIDS as a community health issue in Newton County, the state of Georgia in the United States. There lacks a representative national system of surveillance of the prevalence of AIDS infections (Prachakul, Grant and Keltner,

Victoria Secret Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Victoria Secret Marketing - Essay Example By way of vast expansion it is felt that they may not be able to stick onto this concept of self preservation. But for expansion of the stores this aspect must be totally changed and a contradictory thought is required in this. There are also whole worlds of opportunities that wait outside the US. Even under calls for protectionism by several business and government leaders, the trade agreements and reconfiguration of certain countries are undergoing and becoming a global marketplace where new ventures can be and are willingly carried out. (The Wide World of International Trade) Though many limited brand companies do recognize the potentiality of the global marketplace, the thought of executing the new venture is found to be discouraging. By way of this expansion there could be a more-deeper amount of commitment and also by opening stores in various other countries we could learn and formulate strategic business plans in wake of the expansion and which specifically addresses the new realities. Firstly to measure the potential of our expansion and target markets, the market study should try to identify certain aspects like similarities in business culture, practices as well as the law in the countries that we are going to expand. There are also other communication barriers being the language. Even the thought of spending, national tradition and religious beliefs of the people have also to be taken into account. The stability of the economic and political background of the market has also to be taken into account. What are the barriers to the limited market e ntry And also the current market size and the potential for growth have also to be taken into account for expansion (The Wide World of International Trade) There are countries that are found suitable in all the above aspects for the opening of new stores and for the expansion of Victoria Sercret. They are Tokyo, Taiwan and Korea, Singapore, Philippines. There is a market open for expanding to nearly many hundreds of stores in Taiwan alone. This is because of the reputable and retailing know-how of the country and also due to the acceptance of the people perspective in inviting new markets. For example the Starbucks Coffee International have agreements signed in opening 12 retail stores in Tokyo, 7 in Hawaii, 6 in Singapore and also in Philippines in 1998. This shows that these countries are very open to new markets and also welcome the new stores and also accept the coming of more markets into their country. (Come one, Come all, Come Every Year!) As a member of the marketing team a very vast potential market could also be visualized in Taiwan and Korea. These countries are suitable for these market expansions due to their perspective of culture and religion. If new stores are opened in these countries there could be an inviting market waiting in these countries which could benefit our expansion in the perspective of culture and religious tourism throughout the year. In this study there were also countries that may not help in expansion. They are Iraq, Syria, Iran and Caucasian countries. There could be no gain in opening new stores in these countries due to less scope in potential market. Whereas, the Arab countries could also be another good place for our expansion for opening new stores, due to the importance given to tourism in these countries. We could gain a good amount of market from the Arab countries

Church and Government Essay Example for Free

Church and Government Essay According to Article II, Section 6 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states that, the separation of Church and State shall be inviolable and Article III, Section 5 states, No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. . The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall be forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. Given the articles of the constitution regarding the relationship of the church and the state, is the Catholic Church violating the principle of the Separation of Church and State by daring to speak out against certain bills? First, what does the separation of the church and state really means? The separation of the state means that the state does not have an official religion. It means that the people are free to choose in what religion depending in their own belief. It also means that there should be no laws that shall be pass that favors a religion over the other. It also means that there should be no discrimination of the religion and belief of the people. In short, what the union of the church and the state really means is that the citizens should be forced to follow a particular doctrine and those that do not follow should be penalized. We can see from banners outside of cathedrals the popular phrase â€Å"No to RH Bill, Yes to Life.† But can we consider this action as a violation of the constitution? The separation of the church and the state does not mention that church officials cannot speak or try to influence the state policy. Since the Philippines is a democratic country, every person, group and organization is free to express their own opinion regarding certain issues. The church does not force people to go against a certain bills; the decision still lies in the people according to their conscience and understanding. It means that the church is not violating the constitution since it is only expressing its right to speak in order of its belief. Given the reasons above, that the Philippines has no state religion and given that the state does not subsidize the church, and that no church has any official access to the instruments of state power, I believe that the church does not violate the constitution and that there is really a separation of the church and the state.

A marketing analysis of a company

A marketing analysis of a company INTRODUCTION As a business consultant to Bob and Lloyd, it is required to devise a marketing plan for their fast food business, Delicious Goodness. Before getting into the depts of marketing concepts and principles, it is important to inform Bob and Lloyd as to what marketing is. According to Phillip Kotler, marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. It is the manner in which management of a business goes about satisfying the needs and wants of consumers as a primary function of the business. MARKETING ANALYSIS A marketing analysis of a company is a valuation into the type of market for the businesss products that are available to consume. This investigation is done through a thorough research using marketing tools such as PEST analysis, SPICC analysis and SWOT analysis which would ultimately allow Bob and Lloyd to grasp an understanding into the type of market they wish to enter, making them aware of the possibilities of market growth or failure of the business and further implications on the potential of and the direction in which the business may be headed through identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the business. The marketing model of Wright, 1999 is shown in appendix 2 highlighting these analyses. PEST A PEST analysis was firstly conducted, as a measure of the macro environment of the business through the political, economic, social and technological aspects in which Bob and Lloyd may encounter. Although a recent change in government, the government still encourages the role of small businesses in the economy. Bob and Lloyds business complies with the laws and can therefore be easily approved as small company status. These laws are put in place to ensure that citizens are consequently benefited, for example; it is required that the business make use of locally produced raw materials, creating jobs for nationals and that the business must be locally owned and controlled. Bob and Lloyd can also benefit of being privileged to assistance from the Business Development Company. The BDCs objectives are based on providing technical and financial support to small and medium businesses to empower growth and development whilst creating them to also be internationally competitive. Additionally, government has reduced corporate taxes to 25% of the net earnings of small businesses, and has initiated entrepreneur of the year awards to encourage small business. The economics aspects such as exchange rates and inflation rates must be considered in light of purchasing supplies that are not locally grown and in creating selling prices. Also, matters of diversity of income levels and wage rates, variances of ages and the patterns of consumption within chosen geographic area to conduct business must be initially reviewed. Furthermore, the social features of the area must be studied, that is, the various types of races and religions practiced within area which would affect sales during certain periods of the year, such as Divali and Eid. The percentage of the grey market in area is also a concern, since the older folks would be more health conscious, however, Bob and Lloyd would be catering for those through providing grill foods. Technological factors are a necessity in business, Bob and Lloyd would have to accommodate for the rate in which technological advancements is occurring. Thus, constant improvement and updates would be required as of ne w processes. SPICC Suppliers of raw materials within area would not be an issue, since there are various wholesalers and farmers within district. The only main concern here would be to develop and maintain moral relationships with suppliers to ensure efficiency within the supply chain. The business must also incorporate social responsibility within its local community which would ensure sustainability and good reputation. There are no intermediaries involved in this firm; customers can go directly into business and purchase. Customers satisfaction is most vital in marketing since they are the ones who have the power to make or break the business. Thus, customers satisfaction and behaviours must be closely studied when determining the type of fast food outlet. Competitors also play a major part in this market, there are many fast food outlets within decided area, therefore Bob and Lloyd would have to come up with concepts of distinctiveness (highlighted in appendix 3 via McKinseys 7Ss framework) that wo uld make customers want to purchase from them. SWOT ANALYSIS MARKETING SEGMENT Of the approximated 157,295 population of the San Juan area, about 60% is of the working population. Due to globalization and the fast paced lives of persons, it is estimated that about 80% of the working population would eat out and about 8% of that 80%, at an average of 5033 persons per month would indulge themselves at Delicious Goodness in its first year. Since Bob and Lloyd provide food for the health conscious and vegetarians, the targeted market is at ages 12-55. Bob and Lloyd would have a few local competitors since they specialize in a variety of foods. MARKETING OBJECTIVE Bob and Lloyds objectives are focused on customer satisfaction, by ensuring customers get good values for their monies spent on products and, through the high levels of customer service and provision of after sales service capture a larger portion of market share in the short run. In the long run though, they wish to mature, innovate and multiply the business and compete at an international level. MARKETING MIX This tool is used as a major concept in modern marketing; it consists of Product, Place, Price, Promotion, People, Process and Physical evidence. Bob and Lloyd would provide a variety of high quality, mouthwatering dishes made by the finest chefs in the region, targeting customers needs and wants. Place of the business is usually intended as a location of convenience to both Bob and Lloyd and to consumers. The San Juan area is a very developed and fast growing region in all aspects. There are no major channels of distribution existing here but one, the customer directly goes into restaurant and purchase. Pricing of products is as per going rate of price as a result of the type of market, a market for fast food products. Though prices are set at this rate, Bob and Lloyd are still making profits on each unit to cover other costs; it is the only marketing tool which produces revenues. Promotion of products is major role in marketing, because it allows communication of and educating the public of the products provided. Bob and Lloyds means of doing so was through direct marketing of handing out flyers, the traditional mic-man passing around the area, internet advertising through the Express Newspaper classified as well as social networking through Facebook and twitter. In this case social networking is most effective as feedback is readily available, which is an important tool in building the business, and it is free. Delicious Goodness is set to be launched on 31st March, 2011 at the restaurants compound; a short, formal opening ceremony is planned with expected featured guest, MP for the area, Dr. Fuad Khan, and an appearance by home-grown superstars H2O phlo to aid in gaining initial social status. Dr. Khan and the guys of H2O are good friends of Bob and Lloyd. People are the backbone of a company. With integrated networking practiced at Delicious Goodness, it allows participation in decision making, assistance in solving issues and overall building good team working. Thus, Bob and Lloyd would benefit in having motivated and reliable employees resulting in satisfied customers through high standards of services provided and great tasting food. Additionally, the processes in which customers are serviced would be competent and professional, yet customer friendly oriented. The physical evidence would be the employees and the efforts put in place of creating a soothing, welcoming and blissful ambience of the restaurant. BRANDING This is very important in this type of market since it distinguishes the qualities, appearances and tastes of the same products provided, by different suppliers, hence allowing consumers to easily identify their choice of product. A suggested brand logo for Bob and Lloyds product is available in appendix 4. As an upcoming business in a market with many competitors; it is recommended that Bob and Lloyd brand their products, especially since consumers would want to remember the brand as of first time tasting. It would also make the process of word-of-mouth of the product simpler, hence easily gaining greater market share and good reputation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it is recommended that Bob and Lloyd analyze the market from time to time with regards to the constant changes taking place in the economy. This would allow the business to flourish in the possible innovation and creations of food products, due to first-hand knowledge of the various changes occurring; or it can also allow the company to brace itself if there should be a setback in economy. Word Count: 1482 words

Othello: the General and His Fall Essays -- Othello essays

Othello: the General and His Fall  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The noble Othello in the Shakespearean play of that name has no one to blame but himself; his suicide results. Is his downfall resulting from his naivete and gullibility? Let us study and expose this famous character in this essay.    Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† describes how Othello carries out Iago’s plan of destruction:    Othello moves to kill Desdemona (Act V, scene 2) with that â€Å"icy current and compulsive course† which he had felt at the end of Act III, scene 3. We hear once more the music and the cold, magnificent images that express his â€Å"perfect soul†:    Yet I’ll not shed her blood, Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow, And smooth as monumental alabaster.    He tells himself that he is sacrificing Desdemona to â€Å"justice†; but we see how clumsily (like a great baby) he fumbles to get Desdemona smothered at the second try; how he roars and blubbers when it’s over. When Emilia yells at him, â€Å"O gull! O dolt!† she only puts a name to what we have seen, even while the great Othello music was in our ears. (137)    The most radical change during the course of the drama is undergone by the protagonist, the Moor. Robert Di Yanni in â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue† states that the deteriorated transformation which Othello undergoes is noticeable in his speech:    Othello’s language, like Iago’s, reveals his character and his decline from a courageous and confident leader to a jealous lover distracted to madness by Iago’s insinuations about his wife’s infidelity. The elegance and control, even the exaltation of his early speeches, give way to the crude degradation of his later remarks. (123)    .. ...t Plays: Sophocles to Brecht. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1965.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Di Yanni, Robert. â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p.: Random House, 1986.    Ferguson, Francis. â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.