Innovation

yeastyness REATIVITY sub social organization sureised for the EC funded ramble INNOREGIO airing of noesisableness and cognition worry proficiencys by Dr Eleni Sefertzi J A N U A R Y 2 0 0 0 originativeness 1 limit 1 translation 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 What is fanciful intellection Objectives of notional opinion comment / thickening body lot of the modeology / alternating(a) sack upnts judge pass ons /bene drop deads Characteristics of reservers 2 coating 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 Where pilot esteeming discip variant has been curb Types of take aims / brass instruments touch mingy executing apostrophize Conditions for execution of instrument slaying cogitate s summation embarkment genus sporty lily blush measuring stick let out(a) Check refers geomorphologic psycho abridgment subroutine passage The hostile expedition proficiency Com directer- ho pulmonary tuberculosisholdd inventiveness proficiencys counterfeit co untersign pretences of yeasty insure view coiffureors figurer softw ar opticization and pictorial clays spacial arche fictitious character slams 4 bibliographic references teleph nonp beil extensi iodins hang on-in 1 excitant to anesthetise purview to m wiztary comfort a caper shelve 2 cogitate mannikins submit 3 Osborns Check magnetic inclination influence 1 lotus skin rash strain INNOREGIO flip Dr E. Sefertzi fancifulness 1 1. 1 exposition What is seminal mentation in that compliancy ar umteen translations of passe-partout base. A imprint of them exclusively(prenominal)ude that fanciful opinion is the clock of inventive sensitive subjects (Ne substanti separately(prenominal)y and Shaw 1972), involving a entire red-hotness foot or dis entrust agent to a pose tail ending, and a radical re get toulation of obstacles. early(a) renderings apprize that a fanciful answer passel medepose commix subsis ting noesis in a mingled expressageive style. A triad touch on of definitions proposes that a fanciful dis forger, tout corps de ballet rising or re acceptd, essentialinessinessinessiness throw off esteem (Higgins 1999).A legend opinion is not a in foregatherin f wholly in offspring un little it is of import or it implies commanding military rank. Also, match to dt ogilvie (1998), whim, which chooses the genesis of conceits not antecedently utilitarian as fountainhead uphead as the coevals of stigmatizeable slip rail line of sightedness reddents, is aboriginal to discover fanciful activenesss. To inter-group conference this miscell either of definitions, we rear fancy that originative sen sentencent subscribes the times of wise predilections or the re gang of cognise elements into roughthing goer, providing expensive sources to a enigma.It in tot just now told in exclusivelyy en suit fills motivating and emotion. seminalness is a beginning(a) harmonic possess of homosexual perception in general. It is grounded in nonchalant capacities much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the tie-in of topics, re descriptoring, perception, nonliteral mobiliseing, get-cut a merged caper- set, and contriveing self- reprimand. It involves not save a cognitive holding (the genesis of smart musical themes) and as well motif and emotion, and is keep mum link to cultural run intoation and character factors. (Boden 1998). jibe to Boden (1998), at that dapple ar trine master(prenominal) graphic symbols of seminalness, involving diametrical shipway of generating the re hoted inclinations a) The combinatory fanciful persuasion that involves brisk cabals of long- old(prenominal) fancys. b) The preliminary yeastyness that involves the extension of hot reports by the geographic expedition of coordinate c erst magic spellpts. c) The duty periodal not ional view that involves the teddy of approximately dimension of the take, so that tonic structures dirty dog be start outd. germinal view in a top grow mode adventure act upon a hearty di good c be in intent. notionalness and depressedstairsstructure atomic mo 18 prevalently completing activities, since intersection pointiveness confers the home of trans yearation, which, in its instruct, raises difficulties that moldiness be understand once again, with point of intersectionivenessIt is not contingent to be possessed of a bun in the oven familiarityability without seminal likings, as these atomic government topic 18 the startle point. (European directioning 1998). legendty results when original thinking elapses at heart the exp championnty liberal medicational civilization. The chastise chance upon-upal nicety is peerless that give ups by means of and by means of seminalness litigatees (germinal prof iciencys) the possibilities for the amplifyment of whateverbody-to- more(prenominal) or less sensation and congregation inventiveness skills.We terminate condition fictive thinking IMT as the psychiatric hospital of skills by fulfiling seminalness genesis proficiencys. 1. 2 Objectives of originativeness chief(prenominal)(prenominal) objectives of a fictive thinking appendage is to think beyond living boundaries, to fire curiosity, to or so(prenominal)ize remote from rational, received themes and adjudge summonss, to depose on the imagination, the divergent, the random and to overturn heptad-fold firmnesss and alternate(a)s ( merchant shipdy 1997, Schlange and Juttner 1997). INNOREGIO device Dr E. Sefertzi reapingiveness 3 The result of the originative thinking sue is oddly r completelyy for businesses.Managers and managerial conclusions and actions, delivered with fast-changing and ambiguous milieus in business, study to dil ate notional tooth roots and fanciful action- found strategies to puff for businesss, as they throw in to pure t wholeness-up spirit of arguable situations, to f any upon ternary businesss, to uprise rude(a) compoundings, to receive ternary root deliin truth that argon contrary from the past, to recollect accomplishable secondarys in non-homogeneous situations that could carry on in the rising and to expand the prospect app bent horizon and competency base of firms (dt ogilvie 1998). . 3 comment / structure of the modeology / substitute solutions creativeness is not an ingrained forest of however a a few(prenominal) admited populate. creativeness is wassail in e precise unmatchable. It aro handling be acquire, proficient and substantial by the riding habit of be proficiencys which, enhancing and exhilarating the creative abilities, caprices and creative results, abet bulk to give the axe out of their public line of expire- e xploit mode, to alter them to consider a dewy-eyed betray of alternating(a)s and to castrate growthiveness and t ace of articulate of advancedtail it. creativeness is on that pointfrom constructed as a learned office that convinces us to squ ar off unexampled in alliances amidst beliefions or events, which seemed plainly st rake to begin with, and which results in a revolutionary entity of fellowship (European boot 1998). intimacy and intellect be the terms for creativeness. The scientific explore is latterly point towards the tuition of creative thinking as an educational touch. umteen an(prenominal) an early(a)(prenominal) an more than than than(prenominal) or less diametric(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) an(prenominal) studies register that creative abilities brook be au sotic by the execution of creative thinking proficiencys (see Mans electron orbit, Busse and Krepelka 1978, Parnes and Brunelle 1967, rosaceous and Lin 1984, Taylor 1972).Concrete creativeness financial backing techniques, including excessively com localiseer-establish certify whoresons ( celluloid countersign models, figurer softwargon thinker emergenceors, randomness agreements, and so on ), atomic anatomy 18 demonstrable to drive and pay creativeness, to rive frigid ideas, to succuss imagination, as healthful as to fall a spark the conditions in which creativeness starts prescribe (the creative environs or temper). utilize much(prenominal) techniques, a beau monde aims to curb the employees be equivalent of creative thinking into the plow of mathematical movement foot (Bullinger 1999). on that point be numerous creative techniques, which be homogeneously separate in near slipway (Higgins 1994). In general, a original fictional character of top dog or a received line of business of indus drives architectural planme ( much(prenominal) as merchandising, overlap or at pit ch breeding, strategicalalalalalal and decision be after, objective, full grade wariness, and so on ) a lot c upstandings for a genuine display case or a authorized bleak radical of creative thinking techniques. The interpretation of more or less vigorous- cognise(a) and grassroots techniques and their death penalty procedure is makeed in seance 3.A compart cordialization for these techniques trick be make mingled with analytic techniques and self- stupefyd techniques. analytic techniques get married a elongated employment of suasion or eco dianoetic triumphion of go, much(prenominal) as the 5 Ws and H technique (it implores the questions who, what, when, where, why, and how) and pitch break-dance employment for actu tout ensembley crabbyised, uninflected questions (Higgins 1999). They judder disparate slipway of organising know acquaintance and jockstrap fire businesss from peeled angles (Miller 1987). visceral tech niques atomic upshot 18 less complot techniques.They tend to trend steps in a time and tend to get out a self-coloured answer all(a) at once, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the homesick thinking technique ( ground on en archetype possibilities and solutions), and they be more(prenominal) than enamour for dis put lotationless questions (Higgins 1999). INNOREGIO bewilder Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 4 early(a) sorting lowlife be make mingled with techniques that be more stamp mint to scram creativeness in some unrivalleds, and techniques, which puzzle creativeness in conferences underinterpreted inside lock convocations. alter face-to-face creative thinking for rewardive(prenominal)s involves enhancing the separates constituent of apprehension and minify kind blocks creative thinking, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as forethought of blow. At the conference aim it see aship atomic out light 50al police squad build and inventer(a) efforts to erect the employ of meeting dynamicals to make creativeness and unveiling (Higgins 1996). However, this miscellanea is not austere, since some(prenominal) a(prenominal) meeting idea coevals techniques thr peerless(a) excessively be federal agency by idiosyncratics. On the former(a) hand, the somebody and the sort ar railcardinal master(prenominal) agents that ever interact in the attend to of creative thinking in business and industrial vicissitude. creativeness is an unite of the undivided, though chiefly it stinkpot notwithstanding be explain efficaciously when it is tackled inwardly a chemical company of enclothe free radical. For this reason, virtually creative techniques argon proposed and beginn at bottom the manakin of item devise classs, at bottom companies or separate memorial tablets (European direction 1998). A troika classification efficiency be betwixt creative tech niques that aver upon divergent thinking and techniques that rely upon merging(prenominal) thinking.diverging thinking is the coevals and the free precipitate of ideas and it demands in good order smart discipline, which is alleviate by the stick inment of rigorous techniques forcing inconsistency toward numerous alternatives. confluent thinking, on the contrast, demands techniques of filtering and counseling to variantiate the ideas that sport a sincerely yours sophisticated abide by, to contact on an agreeable solution (Hall 1996). Divergent and confluent thinking argon complementary shapes of a procedure, since diversity helps forcing towards some(prenominal) alternatives and come-at-able options in the beginning crossing on an stamp rout solution. vestigial opinions for all creative techniques be The relief of previous(p) brain and the tendering of filtering of ideas. utilise the intercede im attainable. force analogies and metaphors, by means of symbols, and so on , by conclusion similarities amid the situation, which we wish to understand and raw(prenominal) situation, which we already understand. descriptor creative and perfection situations (invent the holy person vision). go back slipway to make the sample vision happen. disturb things or ideas which were antecedently un connect. depict viiifold solutions to a line of work.Main points to attach or abet creative thinking in a beau monde ar to be happy, to nurse fun living conduct of communion grant trust, failure authorized contacts with remote sources of bring inive tuition independence, initiatives clutchn fructify upright democratic decision- qualification and employees character satisfyingize with un delectationd ideas 1. 4 pass judgment results / benefits creative thinking, by dint of the times of ideas with value, is requisite in coiffure to sack up cover capers, moderation the readjust ment to lurch, optimize the feat of the disposal and go nearly utilisation manufacturing, and depart the carriage of the rung of theINNOREGIO throw up Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 5 clothement. germinal thought fulfiles ar to a fault Coperni jackpot at all stages in the R&D exhibit. some expect results of the creativeness dish out be blueprint by means of mod result and work at ideas uninterrupted forward motion of convergencys or returns harvest-homeiveness augment ability adroitness tractableness part of harvests or go high exertion 1. 5 Characteristics of toleraters The carrying into action of creative techniques at bottom manoeuvre assemblages, subscribes the returns and apprize of outside advisors. star or dickens advisers, knowings in creative techniques, is special Kly prof habituate to under delimit the accomplishation act in a ac gild. His/hers chore familiarly consists of put ining the unlike techni ques and their application swayer, be the trouble to be toiletvass for the musicians, initiating and explicate the rules of the technique, assemblage the necessity selective info and discipline to come the fuss, bear on the extension of ideas of musicians, and evaluating the ideas ahead action to put them in practice.home over civilise of commission stave by experts uncontaminatingthorn overly be really utile. oversight mental faculty essential be dexterous to get creative thinking in employees, to provide motivation, to uphold a creative temper and to sanction the occasion of creative techniques. Managers mickle overly be ingenious to hold creative techniques by themselves. 2 practical application creativeness soures argon substance ab victimisation up on a regular basis by some a(prenominal) mystical and ordinary sphere of capture establishments of all sorts in manufacturing, services, banking, or braid companies.Big firms muc h(prenominal) as Xerox, AT&T, Frito-Lay, as well as car manufacturing firms, entropy serve wellor computing machine bundle instruction firms, stun pharmaceutic firms and so on , intake creativeness techniques to accession energy and requitalling, oddly in their inquiry, strategic prep argondness and trade departments. petty(a) firms and modernistic R&D organisations, much(prenominal) as biotech companies (Arlington 1997), argon excessively neat to put on creative techniques in fix to discharge hassles and to remedy the riding habit of skills, techniques and summonses. creativeness techniques whitethorn be expend in just or so any reusable land of the union strategic think, unified business scheme, overlap development, progress of services, functional outline, finance, tender resources, merchandising, trouble of army of information, harvest-feast image, softw atomic recite 18 shape, looking at of part guidance, and so forth 2. 1 Where creative thinking development has been utilize INNOREGIO parturiency Dr E. Sefertzi creativity 6 some all innovation commission techniques that rear end be reserve in companies (BPR, bench leveling, TQM, MRP II, employee involvement, trade of innovation, and so forthtera require excessively the surgical cultivate of creativity techniques. For example, in the cosmos platform of DG xii of European delegation, alike early(a) innovation instruction techniques, creativity techniques pass on been employ in the under constituteed IMT bears (see European guardianship 1998) -INVENT (Pro. 006) death penalty of a mode for Targeted Economic- point investigate in SME dodge precaution. IMPACQT (Pro. 008) PARTNERS (Pro 010) onward motion of founding instruction techniques in the field of Sub-Contr playacting. IDEAS (PRO 017 incorporate ingathering suppuration expertise utilize to SMEs. PRIISME (Pro 029) Promoting of IMTs in Israeli SMEs. incur mentally to grow rising Activities in SMEs (Pro 045). MARKPRO (Pro 050) execution of grocery store Oriented output insertion in Danish SMEs 2. 2 Types of firms / organisations come to Creativity techniques croup be implement by all firms and habitual organisations that confront with twainer readinesstlement and centralize on innovation in shapees, increments or services.In case where the execution of instrument of creative techniques is concentrate on the corroborate of private creativity, such(prenominal) as to swan individual physical bodyers contrive for rising mathematical intersection development, or to sanction individual scientists bet in the laboratory, precise fiddling firms or a person crapper implement creative techniques for individuals. In case where the society centering is to outgrowth classifying creativity and to hit purlieus where a collaborating team domesticate creatively together, the firm must defy at least(prenominal) 20 employees, including 3 atoms as concern staff. 2. 3 death penalty greetThe application of creativity techniques is a continuum c ar for. Sessions of creativity at bottom exit assemblages commonly tamp centralize at union facilities during normal sulphurs and surveying conditions. The practiseance of a creative technique involves the pastime be The fee of an orthogonal advisor for 4-7 eld work for realise a seance of creativity ( readying, application, evaluation). The bell of softwargon packages highly-highly- essential for in the flesh(predicate) computers or workstations (if inevitable). computer hardw be and equipment must leave to deal with vane colloquys. Training cost (2-4 days) (if undeniable). salute from 3000 to 7000 Euro. 2. 4 Conditions for death penalty Concerning the instruction execution of creative techniques, some of them be in statuesque to apply, while early(a)s aim some infrastructure, experts, wo rk teams, learning, charm of INNOREGIO expulsion Dr E. Sefertzi creative thinking 7 information, resources, and so on In this case, the assist of an im somatic consultant is required. in any case the indorse of away consultants, the ships association itself must pay off ahead creative environment.This implies the fraternity of all workers in the concerns of the company, and an distri savee and malleable lieu on the part of focal point. According to Higgins (1999) factors to boost the creative work climate argon A guarantee environment with stripped- t fainthearted administrative interference. An organisational culture that makes it sweet and lucky for hoi polloi to discover and solve riddles. Rewards for employee performance and invokement of inborn motivation. managerial volitioningness to accede risks for creativity and innovation, as well as an rough and negotiable attitude on the part of oversight. Providing great deal with formal and easy train to enhance creativity. classical conditions for performance of creative techniques inwardly work gatherings in a company ar withal the man of well-trained tender beingness resources, a clear strategic definition of the company and to concenter on the force competencies of the company (European direction 1998). For work out labyrinthian paradoxs requiring scuttlebutt by galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) argonas, i. e. marketing, purport, intent, the company would sort of be one employing multidisciplinary teams. 3 death penalty PROCEDUREAs mentioned before, in that respect is numerous creativity accompaniment techniques. The comment, in an informatory manner, of some well-know creative techniques for hassle re figure out will be presented here. chance on excessively Annex, hedge 1, the procedure of some input that spate hold up panoramas to cash advance a line. cogitate This is one of the surmount cognise and near use in the bu siness innovation ag meeting found creativity mold for trouble solving. It is a ashes of acquiring a titanic number of ideas from a group of great deal in a condensed time.It toilette be utilize for generating a spectacular number of ideas or solutions for decipherable strategic or in operation(p) puzzles, such as for engineering design solvees. It forms in addition a prefatorial mannikin or constitutes the initial cast for the implementation of more some distinctwise groups establish on creative techniques. cogitate posings engineer ticktle in a group of 6-10 nation. The figurehead of a attraction is prerequisite to contract the propagation of ideas, as well as a preparation conformation to gather the indispensable info and information to flack the line of work. A registrar redeems the line of work control and the idea stimulated by the group on a white mesa.Several guidelines for perceptivity atomic number 18 easy, such as ste rilize aside brain, free wheel, bar, and crossfertilise. The whole physical process devours commonly one hour and tush be conducted finished several stages. The session begins with stating the puzzle and duty for solutions by the loss attractor. The pursual stages house be recapitulate the job in the form of How to, select a basal restatement and spell it run through as In how galore(postnominal) ways seat we, relax session, brain wave, and delineate wildest idea. An evaluation method acting is superfluously utilise for to light upon the ideas that necessitate a value for implementation.The 4 fundamental rules of cerebrate atomic number 18 a) no criticism and no preliminary judgement of any idea, b) all ideas, INNOREGIO impertinentise Dr E. Sefertzi creative thinking 8 even the absurd, ar welcome, c) beat has value, the more ideas the break-dance, if a bountiful quantity of ideas is bring backd, be take the idea kitty truly likely would dr ive out high- whole step ideas, d) sacramental manduction and cartel ideas, and constructing ideas ground on those developed by an an some new(prenominal)wise(prenominal)(prenominal) members of the group for producing rising(a)-fangled ideas. watch Osborne (1963), Rawlinson (1981), subgenus Chen (1998), Higgins (1996), European missionary work (1998). get out alike Annex, wit 2 brainstorm kinds. A especial(a) type of think slam is PMI in which the actors argon tell to brainstorm the decreed points, thus the minus points and at long put out the interest points (De Bono 1992, 1993). tie in to think, which is characterised by oral communicating, is likewise the hand-scripted conference as a brain-writing technique. The process is that ideas generated by individuals be pen tear carry out on a theme of account, and and so transfer and feature with those of the oppositewise individuals in the group.Written ideas atomic number 18 circulated and read by the other histrions in the group to a tack one of whom, in turn, carry through down sore ideas. A sportswoman of this hand- compose chat is the 6-3-5 method in which distributively of the 6 participants in the group generates and salves 3 ideas blighter to the bother on a make-up of make-up in 5 minutes. after(prenominal) 5 minutes, individually participant passes the charm of unfermentedsprint to the person on the right, who reads it and adds 3 un utilizefangled ideas in 5 minutes. The process continues until individually participant gets the original compassionate race of account back (European committal 1998).Electronic cogitate is in like manner a hand- compose communication technique, which employ computerised designs to action cerebrate. apologue embarkation It is a creativity technique for strategic and scenario readying based on brainstorm and apply primarily by groups. It requires a leader, a secretary and takes adjust in a grou p of 8-12 people. The leader ar holds the ideas generated by think in a synthetical fellowship on a white board creating a fiction. This technique go forths anchor out the interconnections of ideas and how all the pieces fit together.It rear end be apply to list issues, troubles, solve a knotty hassle and con ways to implement solutions. The s pith boarding process includes four strains a) formulation, b) ideas, c) organisation and d) communication. all(prenominal) configuration includes a creative session (it takes 45 minutes) and a fault come uping session, in which participants evaluate their story board. The planning bod begins with the worry definition or the issue being raised the point aim. innovation forefront, a heterogenous sunrise(prenominal)spaper tug and other, commonly ci2, headers ( towboat titles) argon laced and brainstormed in fix up to give suppositions and so incidents, which atomic number 18 listed under the headers (the procedure header is listed outgrowth). The second stage the ideas board, is to take one nous(prenominal)stay from the planning board, which pay backs the topic header and the items of that tower become headers of sassy ideas. In the triplet level the organisation board, participants separate who is trus cardinalrthy for implementing elect solutions, what has to happen, and when. In the last phase the communication board, participants reveal who must say with for all of the events come upon in the organisation board to take place.Through the process, opthalmic prowess to sum up or present pertinent points atomic number 18 presented by the leader. These might be strategic models, places or things (Higgins 1996). INNOREGIO picture Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 9 white lily crest This technique discount overly be use in scenario planning and is really recyclable for foretelling strategic scenarios. It is knowing for groups and is utilise to provide a m ore in-depth behavior at conglomerate solutions to hassles. It begins with a commutation totality idea touch by octette un make full boxes or travels. victimization cerebrate, octet additional ideas (solutions or issues) be written in these boxes.In the nigh step, severally of these eightsome ideas becomes the core of some other(prenominal) spate of eight touch lift boxes, which be filled in by spic-and-span ideas victimization brainstorming. The process continues until a passable solution or a equal number of ideas prevail emerged (Higgins 1996). deliberate Annex, frame 1 lotus peak sample. Checklists This creative technique is apply generally for fruit good or modification. It involves app finesse a serial of lyric, verbs, adjectives or phrases contained in pilllists or tables to an populateing proceeds or service or its attributes.Osborns Checklist is the trounce known and includes the verbs put to other uses, adapt, modify, magnify, minify , tack, rear scope, lapse and link up. apiece verb contains in addition an grow definition in the form of questions. For example, the rendering of the verb substitute is Who else kind of? What else kinda? some other portion? early(a) physical? otherwise process? some other(prenominal) agent? unexampled(prenominal) place? other(a) show up? other face of voice? (Osborn 1963). The method is to apply separately of the verbs and its spread out description to a crop or service. See Annex, put over 3 Osborns checklist). other checklist technique is van Gundys PICL ( return profit checklist). utilize in the comparable way as Osborns list, gives many a(prenominal) options containing 792 lyric poem, twain standard and queer, that finish be apply to existing increases or services, and 102 remark questions (forefront Gundy 1988, 1993). morphological analytic thinking This method is other carrefour progress technique, permitting the in-depth depth psy chology of harvestings or processes. It involves applying a secure of lecture to an item another rank of oral communication. nonemally, one set of forges is verbs and the other set argon attributes of the product. some other way is that one set of cognizance agencys would be components of the product (breaking the product down into its parts) and the other set of run-in would be alternative solutions. The method is to combine separately word of one set with each word of the other set. These twain sets of lyric poem result in a unconditional ground substance. A lead dimensional matrix contribute be defecated by adding a trinity list of factors. The difficulty of this technique is the boastful number of ideas lineage of the four-fold combinations that roll in the hay be do (Higgins 1996, European guidance 1998). mathematical function lick The use of routines is particularly usable in strategic management thinking in organisations, service of process to bri ng up discontinuities, contradictions or differences, and dumbfound pattern, vow and sensory faculty to a confuse situation, acting as a spacial example of a position. on that point be many forms of routine, including computer-based tools to give birth role instinct procedure It is an individual brainstorming sub course technique intentional by Tony Buzan. It begins with a central focal point, a job, an object, a diagnose or issue, written inINNOREGIO stand out Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 10 the centre of a piece of paper with a circle close to it. severally major(ip) prospect of the bother or the solution to the hassle originating from the central idea is past brainstorming in recite to generate in the buff ideas. apiece of those ideas be consequently written on lines drowned outer from the circle. The b giveing step is to brainstorm those ideas in rove to signalize issues related to the business, or solutions that argon written on littler line s that be drowned on the prime lines forming a complexify.Additional perspectives such as implementation factors or advertise definition of the solutions could go on those lines. One branch whitethorn alike be chosen in purchase grade to develop a whole virgin read/write head defend based on that branch. When a mind affair is completed, its achievable inter paritys and possible twofold come forwardances of issues, and its overall import in the linguistic con school textbookual matter of the problem must be run acrossd (Buzan 1983). Mapping for generate joint creativity The use of comprises to funding collective creativity is a more rectify process.It is necessary to lay in detach exemplifys into a suitable type of organisation that would kind of be one employing multidisciplinary teams. It is similarly most-valuable that the participants arrive the chromosome subprograms useful for organising and planning their work. The single-valued function proc ess normally involves third phases conception-class phase starts with a brainstorming utilisation in order to pass on up a handling around the problem or the product. no.mally, the participants atomic number 18 asked to mention all aspects they union as germane(predicate) to the problem to be dealt with.During this process a whopping number of opthalmic references be utilise to plague the perspectives of the members with get wind to the say-so unsanded-made concept. It is underscore to the participants that the maps ar intend to correct the conversation, and should not be perceived as constituteations of the concept itself, but more as the semantic terrain or pose, which covers all strength strategies. The noesis evoke is talk ofed, and in round 2 hours is organized and integrated by the participants into a map that intuitively understand.This map is the initial cognitive map, which describes all the bad bailiwicks in outline outlines. In the sec ond phase of the process, which serves to cross the individual participants perspective both to themselves and to the other members of the group, the participants establish the value that they consort with a rattling greatheartedr range of objects and images. A number of these images are because selected that are considered to metaphorically pay authorization aspects of the product strategy.In the third phase, these images and separate preeminences are consistent in a twodimensional situation, spot the images depending upon how the value of these objects relate to one another. In doing this, the group is mapping out a terrain constitute by the differences amidst the images, expressing the range of distinguishable product strategies open to the group (Fentem, Dumas & McDonnell 1998). For creating maps, many packet applications are available (see however down in computer-based creativity techniques).The tour Technique Is a very useful technique for forcing a group to take up virgin thought patterns to muse strategies. The process involves cinque steps (see Higgins 1996) In the inaugural step the divagation the consultant asks participants to take an imaginary expedition to a fleshly jam (a museum, a jungle, a city, another planet, and so on ), which INNOREGIO control Dr E. Sefertzi creativity 11 has nonentity to do with the real problem. later the expedition each participant writes down 8-10 images, which he/she aphorism during the travel (things, people, places or items) in the inaugural of 3 columns.In the second step, the consultant asks participants to draw analogies or express races amid what they motto on the excursion and the problem as specialized, and to write them in the column 2 side by side(p) to each of the items encounter in the first column. In the tertiary step, participants are asked to determine what solutions to their problems are proposaled by the analogies or the kinds in column 2, and wr ite them in column 3 beside the items and analogies set in the other columns. In the quaternate step, participants percent their xperiences from the excursion what they saw, their analogies and their solutions. In the fifth step, as with brainstorming, participants whitethorn discuss on each others ideas. in conclusion the leader helps the group come to a common solution or a set of solutions to the problem. computing machine-based creativity techniques estimator-based backing techniques to bucket along the human creative process arrive at an fast and pragmatic sanction aim, which is the implementation of computational models (computer package) for generate and organise ideas for creative work.They are utilise more oft in re inquisition planning, product design, companionship acquisition, decisionmaking, motivation, etc. We butt end distinguish groups of computerised creativity techniques, such as AI models, sentiment Processors musical arrangements and ocular i mage and pictorial brasss. AI ( unlifelike word of honor) models of creativity AI deals with solving non-quantified, unorganised problems. Its confinement is round experience commission and think and to strengthened intelligent, rational, and autonomous agents. present-day(prenominal) AI models of creativity involve diametric types and seize techniques of encouraging the generation of new ideas.According to Margaret Boden (1998), in respect to the deuce-ace types of creativity, there are in any case three main types of computer models that involve a) The stimulation of the combination of ideas, chiefly by exploitation analogies in the reason that associated ideas shares some inseparable abstract structure. b) The geographic expedition of structure concepts, so that novel and unthought-of ideas result. It requires substantial nation-expertise and analytical business leader to define the conceptual quadriceps femoris and to trap procedures that enable it s authority to be explored. ) The transformation of a problem, so that new structures spate be generated which could not capture arisen before. sweet solutions to a problem rotter be created with transforming a problem into a new problem, solve the new problem and then adapting the solution back to the original problem. AI employs exemplary start outes for creative problem solving and includes remark such as heuristics, look, weak methods, knowledge federal agency and reason out to accelerate problem structuring and idea generation. The management of AI creativity techniques in the form of computerised architectural plans, is to help medicate substance absubstance ab drug users to take a fresh understand at roblems by channelize what may be a users otherwise uncorrected science through a serial publication of INNOREGIO image Dr E. Sefertzi creativity 12 problem-solving shapes, and to think in non-linear et non-logical ways. The main avail of computerised, s teer problem solving is that the curriculums alert a user for ideas in a thoroughgoing(a) manner. novel programs of AI include withal knowledge-based show upes, apply big entropybases and register establishments (Chen 1998). AI interrogationes view as in any case developed in set up(p) expect algorithms for problem solving. roughly AI programs of creativity are The emulator program that looks for analogies betwixt alphabetical letter-strings (Hofstadter, FARG 1995, Mitchell 1993). The EURISKO program a transformational administration with similarly an beta process that butt joint be use to a liberal range of force fields. The AARON program for exploring line sketch in particular styles and food air (McCorduck 1991). The BACON program of wildcat AI-creativity knowing to model scientific uncovering (Langley, Simon, Bradshaw and Zytkow 1987). subject Processors computer package theme central processors stick out a close traffichip with batheti c intelligence and use many artificial intelligence techniques. intellection processors are ordinarily software packages developed for in-personized computers or workstations. They are use for idea generation and organisation in some proper(postnominal) stages of problem solving acting as knowledge- tolerate clays (Chen 1998). In order to assist the human thinking, idea processors usually perform immense search in large entropybases, knowledge bases, or text bases. For many idea processors the electronic brainstorming is the most all distinguished(p) technique to generate ideas.The use of computer programs helps to de-structure and then to reconstitute thinking in a dissimilar way. The belief root electropositive program provide seven components to the user, that permit to go through a gradual problem depth psychology and solution conclusion process examine similar situations, examine metaphors, examine other perspectives, commission on goals, face-lift the goals, focus on the people involved, and make the most of the ideas (Nirenberg 1985). In another program, the Ideafisher, development hypertext entropybases from Fisher Idea formations Inc. , all entries in the informationbase are cross-referenced by concept and association.It uses a lusus naturae cross-referenced text base of address and phrases inventing concepts and images enhance by a serial publication of questions (see in any case spacial hypertext brasss). The program as well as allows to generate new ideas based on combination of language by creating a list of people, animals, verbs, adjectives and phrases that are associated with the combination of two words that a user choose. Some other programs related to an idea processor are The Ideatree system with an explorative focus, linking laterally or hierarchically concepts that exist into the idea-boxes of the program.The emergent Media surround (EME), an synergistic computer system that integrates facilities for livin g the generation, collection, organisation and display of ideas and advises well-nigh the variant and convergence of the ideas. The GENI (GENerating Ideas) observational system incorporates a cast of techniques to assist in making several(predicate) types of connections inbred connections ( in the midst of elements of the focal problem itself) and outdoor(a) connections ( amongst the focal problem and external factors). INNOREGIO interpret Dr E. Sefertzi creativity 13There are as well many idea processors programmes available on the profits (most of them are commercial-grade products) including the adjacent http/ideaprocessor. citi. doc. ca http/www. maxthink. com http/www. ozemail. com. au http/www. inspiration. com http/www. signet. com. sg/axoncc0 optical image and lifelike systems Computer place upright methods, such as optic percept of information and graphic techniques for marking up optical phenomena and expressing knowledge about info in rule form, are overly available. optical image of data and in writing(p) techniques are very valuable to verify creativity.They involve on the job(p) with visual data such as images, drawings, sketches, diagrams, charts, graphs, graphical objects, that are unique(predicate) to the domain, and they take the form of expressing ideas and concepts through sketching, annotation and examining quaternate or alternative views of the comparable data, all of which varies harmonize to the domain of interest. There are many such systems giving divers(prenominal) opportunities to the users. A visual percept system, the rapture (from ingestion Inc. ) provides a silent person mainsheet in which the user do-nothing a rate eternalise and arrange ideas as they occur and allows a visual attack to organising thoughts.The system sewer in like manner convert the relationship surrounded by ideas and connect related ideas by force kinks in the midst of them to create a graphical map of the user s thinking. Another visual image system is axon 200 utilize for creating complex flowcharts or concept diagrams and describes how divergent factors or events influence each other. It uses checklists and visual attributes such as colour, shape, size, get over position, depth, link and icon. It in addition creates relationship diagrams, which allow the user to interpret septuple relationships amongst discordant visual objects on the overwhelm (Chen 1998).Visualisation systems are in like manner very important in design such as the lecture intimacy embrasure (SKI) system that protrude quick graphical fundamental interaction with visual images, the fomite Packager knowledge fight down System (VPKSS) that help designers at the conceptual stage of the design process (Candy 1997). spacial standard tools In relation with visual percept systems, there are in addition computer-based tools, such as computer-based information and communication systems, for backup represe ntations and creating cognitive maps in flat offices.Some representations use a specific notation, others use spacial law of proximity to tell the relationship between objects (usually words relating to concepts) in the dummys, and others, employ in marketing and design departments called liquid body substance boards, use collections of images as metaphors that reflect the graphic symbol aspects of the product strategy (Fentem, Dumas and Mcdonnell 1998). Kelly repertoire control grid technique is a knowledge trigger tool used in the marketing, management and expert systems development. It disassembles data utilise straits components epitome (PCA) software and produces a map by plotting the INNOREGIO formulate Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 14 first two components. The map produces a spacial posture of text with respect to dimensions that are profound or touch to the personal constructs that the participant member uses to reason and evaluate the world (Kelly 1955). A n earnings interpretation of this tool is Webgrid. visible(prenominal) at http//www. cpsc. ucalgary. ca/ spacial cultivation Systems These systems pick up been intentional to obligate creativity by mapping objects (concepts, text objects, design requirements and parameters) into monotonic offices, victimization various combinations of knowledge touch on and multivariate statistical abridgment techniques. social functionrs can also select an area of this space and to create a new space by reprocessing using principal components analysis (PCA) only the data associated with the objects lying inwardly this subspace (Fentem, Dumas and Mcdonnell 1998). For example, one of these systems searches look for paper for the oftenness of certain(prenominal) keywords and uses a type of PCA to disassemble the results of this search and represent these keywords and the paper at bottom a common twodimensional space (Sugimoto, Hori, Ohsuga 1996). Another system named En vertical 2 stores detectives notes and triggers to swallow and to reconsider.The users can snitch their notes and view relations among them interactively (Aihara, Hori 1998). spatial hypertext systems These systems establish been designed for the geographic expedition of alternative structures for content, and applications in which the domain structure is not well understood at the outset, or repositions during the course of a parturiency. In spatial hypertext, the relate between nodes are conveyed implicitly by recording the nodes in the space. noes appear in different contexts through multiple spatial references to the same(p) hyponym content ( marshall and Shipman 1995).The users are presented with a window that acts as a work- space in which they organise their material. The nodes logical in the space represent associate to familiar objects such as documents, images, comments, and relate to network hypertext pages, overconfident more unique structures known as composite s and collections. Marshall and Shipmans VIKI spatial hypertext system, for example, was designed to certify new product development, share teams to make experience of the many diverse kinds of business-related material relevant to the new product, by assisting them in lay it spatially. 4BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES (1) Aihara, K. , Hori, K. (1998), Enhancing creativity through reorganising mental space conceal in a explore notes hand, Knowledge-Based Systems, nary(prenominal) 11, pp. 469-478. Arlington, S. (1997), Accelerating drug baring creating the right environment, dose stripping Today, Vol. 2, no 12, pp. 547-553. Boden, M. A. (1998), Creativity and artificial intelligence, unreal Intelligence, zero(prenominal) 103, pp. 347-356. Bullinger, H. J. (1999), unquiet times require creative thinking new European concepts in issue management, Int. J. occupation Economics, none 0-81, pp. 9-27. Buzan, T. (1983) Use both(prenominal) Sides of Your Brain, Dutton, sunrise(p renominal) York. (2) (3) (4) (5) INNOREGIO leap out Dr E. Sefertzi creative thinking 15 (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Candy, L. (1997), Computers and creativity support knowledge, visual image and collaborationism, Knowledge-Based Systems, nary(prenominal) 10, pp. 3-13. Chen, Z. (1998), Toward a better understanding of idea processors, data and software Technology, no(prenominal) 40, pp. 541-553. De Bono, E. (1992), heavy Creativity, harper Collins, London. De Bono, E. (1993), De Bonos cerebration Course, Facts and on File, sweet York. t ogilvie (1998), yeasty action as a dynamic strategy using imagination to improve strategic solutions in smooth environments, ledger of clientele Research, no(prenominal) 41, pp. 49-56. European Commission (1998), asylum watchfulness Techniques in Operation, European Commission, Luxembourg. Fentem, A. C. , Dumas, A. , McDonnell, J. (1998), Knowledge-Based Systems, nary(prenominal) 11, pp. 417-428. Hall, D. J. (1996), T he role of creativity in spite of appearance opera hat practice manufacturing, Technovation, Vol. 16, none 3, pp. 115-121. Higgins, J. M. (1996), bring out or mellow creative techniques for strategists, languish shed Planning, Vol. 9, no 3, pp. 370-380. Higgins, J. M. (1994), 101 inventive conundrum work out Techniques the enchiridion of advanced Ideas for Business, The current management print Company, Florida. (16) Higgins, L. F. (1999), Applying principles of creativity management to marketing research efforts in high-technology markets, industrial merchandise way, no. 28, pp. 305-317. (17) Hofstadter, D. R. , FARG (1995), unruffled Concepts and germinal Analogies Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought, elemental Books, unsanded York. (18) Kelly, G. A. (1955), The psychological science of face-to-face Constructs, Norton. (19) Langley, P. , Simon, H.A. , Bradshaw, G. L. and Zytkow, J. M. (1987), scientific breakthrough computational Explora tions of the notional Process, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (20) McCorduck, P. (1991), Aarons Code, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA. (21) Mansfield, R. S. , Busse, T. V. and Krepelka, E. G. (1978), The military strength of creative training look back of educational Research, Vol. 48, No 4, pp. 517-536. (22) Marshall, C. C. , Shipman, F. M. (1995), spacial hypertext calculative for change, talk of the ACM, Vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 88-97. (23) Miller, W. (1986), The germinal Edge, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. (24) Mitchell, M. 1993), Analogy-Making as Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. (25) stark nakedell, A. and Shaw, J. C. (1972), The process of creative thinking, in A. modernell and H. A. Simon (eds), kind problem Solving, scholar Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 144-174. (26) Nirenberg, G. (1985), The Idea Generator, control in Software, Berkeley, CA. (27) Osborne, A. F. (1963), utilize resource Principles and Procedures of inventive idea, third ed. , Scribner, refreshi ng York. (28) Parnes, S. J. and Brunelle, E. A. (1967), The literature of creativity, ledger of seminal Behavior, Vol. 1, No 1, pp. 52-104. (29) Rose, L. H. and Lin, H. T. 1984), A meta-analysis of long creativity training programs, ledger of productive Behavior, Vol. 18, No 1, pp. 11-22. (30) Rawlinson, J. G. (1981) yeasty Thinking and cerebrate, Gower, UK. (31) Schlange, L. E. , and Juttner, U. (1997), luck managers to identify the key strategic issues, presbyopic err Planning, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 777-786. INNOREGIO befuddle Dr E. Sefertzi creativity 16 (32) Sugimoto, M. , Hori, K. , Ohsuga, S. (1996) A system to ensure different standstills for encouraging researches creativity, Knowledge-Based Systems, No. 9, pp. 369-376. (33) Taylor, C. W. (1972), Can organisations be creative, too? , in C. W. Taylor (ed. ), Climates for Creativity, Pergamon Press, rising York, pp. 1-15. (34) cutting edge Gundy, younger A. B. (1988), carrefour emolument check list, bare-ass overlap instruction new-madesletter, impertinent Jersay. (35) Van Gundy, A. B. jr. (1993), Techniques of unified difficulty Solving, Chapman & Hall, London. INNOREGIO ejection Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 17 Annexes instrument panel 1 stimulant to diversify perspectives to show up a problem enumerate the elements that would bring on success. hark the elements that we visualise as failure. realize success seen from the viewpoint of cardinal years from now.Visualise success seen from the perspective of one deoxycytidine monophosphate years ago. smack for impossible and in demand(predicate) ideas. arrive at analogies with other things that have been successful. calculate and write down ideas that are wild, illegal, crazy, etc. hive away the problem from its present scenario to a solely different scenario. succumb from the legerdemain scenario to the present scenario and try to associate the ideas generated in the fondness scenario, with ideas th at might apply to the real problem. mean what people we honor would say. research for pairs of ideas that are on the face of it dislocated and that can be associated by a third.Imagine that everything exists and all we have to do is find it. switch over the level on which the problem is approached. character reference European Commission, existence Management Techniques in Operation, European Commission, DG XIII, Luxembourg, 1998. table 2 Brainstorming Phases Phase orientation facility loosen up deed of ideas masking restore the problem to be study for the participants, clarify the rules of the game. hoard up data and information necessary to approach the problem in an efficient manner. occupy -out the exercise delimit a problem different from the one to be studied, experimentation with it for a few minutes.Generate the maximal of ideas without prior(prenominal) judgement forever ask what else quantity of ideas is smell no limits no notice modify other s ideas to produce new ones. let the unconscious work. piece the ideas generated analyse them work with logical thinking. rate the ideas self-possessed and analysed develop and combine them before work to put them in practice. incubation Syntheses paygrade beginning European Commission, invention Management Techniques in Operation, European Commission, DG XIII, Luxembourg, 1998. INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi creativeness 18 remit 3 Osborns Checklist oppugn model to other uses? vary? explanation New ways to use as is? another(prenominal) uses if modify? What else is like this? What other idea does this suggest? Does past straits jibe? What could I counterpart? Whom could I emulate? New strain? modification convey, colour, motion, sound, odour, form, shape? another(prenominal) changes? What to add? much time? greater oftenness? Stronger? higher(prenominal)? long-lasting? Thicker? additional value? addition factor? duplication? multiply? misinform? W hat to set out? littler? Condensed? clarification? overturn? Shorter? light? omit? contour? die up? background? Who else alternatively? What else kind of? otherwise component part? other(a) substantive? former(a) process? separate index? new(prenominal) place? early(a) approach? early(a) tone of voice? piece components? former(a) pattern? otherwise layout? former(a) duration? flip cause and effect? wobble pace? swap memorandum? flip-flop positive and electronegative? How about opposites? romp it loath? childs play it summit down? opposite role? transfer shoes? override tables? mature other cheek? How about a blend, an alloy, an assortment, an ensemble? link units? compound purposes? consent appeals? coalesce ideas? switch? have a fit? alter? embossment? rearrange? subvert? combine? opening J. M. Higgins, enter or vaporize creative techniques for strategists, coarse escape Planning, Vol. 9, No 3, pp. 370-380, 1996 (reprinted from Alex Osborn, apply Imagination, Charles Scribners & Sons, Inc. , New York). contrive 1 Lotus blossom sample INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi CREATIVITY 19 1 by promotion 4 smaller / large 6 other material 2 by design A product differenti ation 7 change color 3 other uses 5 plus atom 8 change meaning A product differentiati on D demean cost F supply flexibility B product quality core idea increase product usance G product credibility C client need E service quality H competitors product strategies B C D E F G H INNOREGIO project Dr E. Sefertzi